《语言的结构特征》doc版

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1、Chapter1InvitationstoLinguisticsTeachingaims:letthestudentshavethegeneralideaaboutlanguageandlinguistics.Teachingdifficulties:designfeaturesoflanguage;someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsTeachingprocedures1.language1.1Whystudylanguage?AtoolforcommunicationAnintegralpartof

2、ourlifeandhumanityIfwearenotfullyawareofthenatureandmechanismofourlanguage,wewillbeignorantofwhatconstitutesouressentialhumanity.1.2Whatislanguage?1.2.1differentsensesoflanguagewhatapersonsays(concreteactofspeech)aperson’sconsistentwayofspeakingorwritingaparticularlevelofsp

3、eakingorwritinge.g.colloquiallanguageanabstractsystem1.2.2definitionsLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Whatiscommunication?Aprocessinwhichinformationistransmittedfromasource(senderorspeaker)toagoal(receiverorlistener).Asystem----elementsinita

4、rearrangedaccordingtocertainrules.Theycannotbearrangedatwill.e.g.Hethetablecleaned.(×)bkli(×)Arbitrary----thereisnointrinsic(logic)connectionbetweenalinguisticformanditsmeaning.Symbols----wordsarejustthesymbolsassociatedwithobjects,actions,andideasbyconvention.Vocal--------

5、theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.Writingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenforms.Peoplewithlittleornoliteracycanalsobecompetentlanguageusers.Human----languageishuman-specific.Humanbeingshavedifferentkindsofbrainsan

6、dvocalcapacity.“LanguageAcquisitionDevice”(LAD)1.3Designfeaturesoflanguage语言的结构特征Designfeaturesreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.a.arbitrariness----theformoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.

7、Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention.E.g.“house”uchi(Japanese)Mansion(French)房子(Chinese)conventionality----Itmeansthatinanylanguagetherearecertainsequencesofsoundsthathaveaconventionallyacceptedmeaning.Thosewordsarecustomarilyusedbyallspeakerswiththesameintendedmeaningan

8、dunderstoodbyalllistenersinthesameway.Therearetwodifferentschoolsofbeliefconcernin