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1、ComputerSystemsAProgrammer’sPerspectiveThispageintentionallyleftblankComputerSystemsAProgrammer’sPerspectiveRandalE.BryantCarnegieMellonUniversityDavidR.O’HallaronCarnegieMellonUniversityandIntelLabsPrenticeHallBostonColumbusIndianapolisNewYorkSanFranciscoUpperSaddleRive
2、rAmsterdamCapeTownDubaiLondonMadridMilanMunichParisMontrealTorontoDelhiMexicoCitySaoPauloSydneyHongKongSeoulSingaporeTaipeiTokyoEditorialDirector:MarciaHortonEditor-in-Chief:MichaelHirschAcquisitionsEditor:MattGoldsteinEditorialAssistant:ChelseaBellDirectorofMarketing:Ma
3、rgaretWaplesMarketingCoordinator:KathrynFerrantiManagingEditor:JeffHolcombSeniorManufacturingBuyer:CarolMelvilleArtDirector:LindaKnowlesCoverDesigner:ElenaSidorovaImageInteriorPermissionCoordinator:RichardRodriguesCoverArt:©RandalE.BryantandDavidR.O’HallaronMediaProducer
4、:KatelynBollerProjectManagementandInteriorDesign:PaulC.Anagnostopoulos,WindfallSoftwareComposition:JoeSnowden,CoventryCompositionPrinter/Binder:EdwardsBrothersCoverPrinter:Lehigh-PhoenixColor/HagerstownCopyright©2011,2003byRandalE.BryantandDavidR.O’Hallaron.Allrightsrese
5、rved.ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ThispublicationisprotectedbyCopyright,andpermissionshouldbeobtainedfromthepublisherpriortoanyprohibitedreproduction,storageinaretrievalsystem,ortransmissioninanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orli
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7、ks.Wherethosedesignationsappearinthisbook,andthepublisherwasawareofatrademarkclaim,thedesignationshavebeenprintedininitialcapsorallcaps.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataBryant,Randal.Computersystems:aprogrammer’sperspective/RandalE.Bryant,DavidR.O’Hallaron.—
8、2nded.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN-13:978-0-13-610804-7(alk.paper)ISBN-10:0-13-6