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1、实用标准Chapter1CultureandCommunicationCultureAsharedbackground(e.g.National,ethnic,religious)resultingfromacommonlanguageandcommunicationstyle,customs,beliefs,attitudes,andvalues.Itreferstotheinformalandoftenhiddenpatternsofhumaninteractions,expressions,andviewpointsthatp
2、eopleinonecultureshare.ClassificationofculturevMaterialorartifact(物质文化)：suchitemsasdresses,buildings,food,etc.vInstitutional(制度文化):suchitemsasfamily,education,law,etc.vValues/beliefs（观念文化）:suchitemsasfreedom,democracy,quality,etc.Fromthepointofviewofvisibility:vThevisi
3、ble:material/artifactandinstitutionalvTheinvisible:values/beliefsFromtheperspectiveoflevels:vIntellectualandartisticactivityandtheworksproducedbyit,includingthingslikeeducation,history,geography,institutions,literature,art,musicandsoon.vThewayoflifeofagivenpeoplewhosha
4、revalues,beliefs,customs,norms,etc.CharacteristicsofcultureCultureislearned,nohereditary.Cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.Cultureisdynamic.Mostofcultureishidden,likethepartoftheicebergunderwater.Valuesarethecoreofculture.Culturalelementsareintegrated.Cult
5、ureisethnocentric.FunctionsofculturelReducingmisunderstandingincommunicatinglAvoidingconflictsincommunicatinglBroadeninghorizonanddevelopingcommunicationCultureShockStagesofcultureshockStage1:HoneymoonStageStage2:RejectionStageStage3:AdjustmentStageStage4:AcceptanceSta
6、geStage5:ReentryStageCommunication dynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.HC=humancommunicationAC=Animalcommunication文案大全实用标准HAC=human-animalcommunicationHMC=human-machinecommunicationMMC=machine-to-machinecommunicat
7、ionVividexamples:·Anoratordeliversaspeechtoalargegathering.(HC)·Youcomplaintoyourinstructoraboutyourcoursecreditsthroughtelephone.(HC)·TwoblindpeopleexchangeideasinBraille.(HC)·Afarmergivesinstructionstohisploughworkingcow.(HAC)·Aprogrammerissuescommandstoacomputer.(HM
8、C)·Tomtalkstohimselfwhilebrandishing（挥舞）histoygun.(HC)·Anarchaeologistisdeciphering（解释）amysterioussignontherecentlyun
