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1、A Peoplelovetomaketheirmark,andgraffitisuchasinitialsordrawingswrittenorspray-paintedontosubways,wallsorfootpathsisauniversalphenomenon.Ithasexistedsinceancienttimes,andoneoftheoldestpiecesofstill-existinggraffitiisanadvertisementforabrothelintheancienttownofEphesus,inGr
2、eece.Therearemanytypesofgraffiti,andalsoavarietyofviewsaboutit.Someseeitasanartform,someuseitasaformofprotestagainstauthority,othersregarditasneedlessanddestructivevandalism,anditisoftenseenastheprecursorofgang-relatedcrimeinaneighbourhood. B TheheydayofgraffitiwasinNew
3、YorkCityinthe1970s.Atthattime,therewaslittlemoneyforthepolicingofgraffiti,andartiststargetedthesubwaysandsubwaycarsinparticular.Graffitibecamesopopularatthistimethatartistswantedtoidentifytheirownparticularwork.Theybegantocreatedistinctivestylisedsignaturesandthustheartof
4、taggingwasborn.Salesofspraypaintincreasedsignificantlyatthistime,asmoreandmorestreetartistsbegantoexplorethisnewmediumofexpression,andgraffitibecamebiggerandmoreelaborate.ArtistswerecompetingtocoverthewholecityofNewYorkwiththeirwork,andfinallytheMetroTransitAuthoritybegan
5、tobattlewithgraffitiartists,lockinggatesandremovingpicturesfromsubwaytrains.Atthesametime,graffitibeganmakingitswayintoartgalleries,astheestablishedartworldbegantorecogniseitasalegitimatemodernartform. C Bythe80s,graffiticultureinNewYorkwasbeginningtodecline.Itwasbecomi
6、ngassociatedwiththelocaldrugscene,andlegalpenaltiesforvandalismbecamemoresevereatthistime.Inparticular,theMTAhugelyincreaseditsanti-graffitibudget,anditbecamemuchharderforartiststocreateelaboratepiecesonsubwaycars,sograffitiwasrestrictedtothestreets,whereithasstayeduntilt
7、oday.Bymid-1986,the‘warongraffiti’wasbeingwon,andtherewerefewergraffitiartistsinNewYork.Inthe90s,undermayorRudolphGuiliani,theanti-taggingtaskforcesetouttoeradicategraffitivandalsbybanningsalesofspraypainttounder18sandbyhugelyincreasingfinesfortheoffence. D Ofcourse,gra
8、ffitiisnotonlyaNorthAmericanphenomenon,andtherearethrivingculturesthroughouttheworld,especiallyi
