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1、Text1Tslanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachiIdatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent・Alltheinfantsdiedbeforeth
2、efirstyear・Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking・Mostoftenthereaso
3、nforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Tfthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain・Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessiss1owandhardoncethecri
4、ticalstagehaspassed.Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequeneeandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-1ikesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandimderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenm
5、onthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar・Recentevideneesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutmasbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexs
6、ystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern“toy-bear.”Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain'sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninter
7、actionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild"sbabbling（咿呀学语），graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem・Insensitivityofthemothertothesesigrialsdullstheinteractionbecausethe
