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1、附录英文原文：HYDRAULICSYSTEMHydraulicsystemsarepower-transmittingassembliesemployingpressurizedliquidtotransmitenergyfromanenergy-generatingsourcetoanenergy-usearea・AllhydraulicsystemsdependonPascal'slaw,namedafterBlaisePascal,whodiscoveredthelaw・Thislawstatesthatpressurizedfluidwithinaclos
2、edcontainer-suchascylinderorpipe-exertsequalforceonallofthesurfacesofthecontainer.Inactualhydraulicsystems,Pascal'slawdefinesthebasisoftheresultswhichareobtainedfromthesystem.Thus,apumpmovestheliquidinthesystem・Theintakeofthepumpsconnectedtoaliquidsource,usuallycalledthetankorreservoi
3、匚Atmosphericpressure,pressingontheliquidinthereservoir,forcestheliquidintothepump.Whenthepumpoperates,itforcesliquidfromthetankintothedischargepipeatasuitablepressure.Theflowofthepressurizedliquiddischargedbythepumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Threecontrolfunctionsareusedinmosthydraulicsystem
4、s:(1)controloftheliquidpressure,(2)controloftheliquidflowrate,and(3)controlofthedirectionofflowoftheliquid.Theliquiddischargedbythepumpinafluid-powersystemisdirectedbyvalvestoahydraulicmotor.Ahydraulicmotordevelopsrotaryforceandmotion,usingthepressurizedliquidasitsenergysource・Manyhyd
5、raulicmotorsaresimilartopumps,exceptthatthemotoroperatesinareversemannerfromapump.Wherelinearinsteadofrotarymotionisdesired,acylindricaltubefittedwithamovablepiston,calledahydrauliccylinder,isoftenused.Whenthepistonismovedbythepressurizedfluid,thepistonrodimpartsaforceormovesanobjectt
6、hroughadesireddistance.Restrictingthemovementofthepistoninahydrauliccylinder,aswhenthepistoncarriesaload,createsaspecificpressurerelationshipwithinthecylinde匚Thesurfaceareaofthepistonfaceissaidtocontainaspecificnumberofsquareinches・Thepressureofthepressurizedliquid,multipliedbythepito
7、narea,producesanoutputforce,measuredinpound,attheendofthepistonrod.Thespeedofmovementofthepistonroddependsonhowfastthepressurizedfluidentersthecylinde匚Flowintothecylindercanbedirectedtoeitherend,producingeitherapushingorpullingforceatthepistonrodend.Asealaroundtherodwhereitpassesthrou
8、ghthe
