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1、2011年12月英语四级阅读考试训练(一) Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicaltests,whicharewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,assigningorpromotingstudents,employeesandmilitarypersonnel,havebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.Thetargetiswrong,for,inattackingt
2、hetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebas
3、eduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalw
4、aysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext:theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindofinformationaboutwhatapersonhaslearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualit
5、atively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheempiricalevidenceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffe
6、ctivelywhenthetraitsorqualitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefined(forexample,abilitytodowellinaparticularcourseoftrainingprogram)andleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined,forexample,personalityorcreativity.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofget
7、tingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized. 1.Inthispassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith_________. A.thenecessityofstandardizedtests B.thevalidityofstandardizedtests C.themethodusedininterpretin
8、gtheresultsofstandardizedtests. D.thetheoretic
