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1、350BCONSLEEPANDSLEEPLESSNESSbyAristotletranslatedbyJ.I.Beare1WITHregardtosleepandwaking,wemustconsiderwhattheyare:whethertheyarepeculiartosoulortobody,orcommontoboth;andifcommon,towhatpartofsoulorbodytheyappertain:further,fromwhatcauseitarisesthattheyareattributesofanimals,andwhetherall
2、animalsshareinthemboth,orsomepartakeoftheoneonly,othersoftheotheronly,orsomepartakeofneitherandsomeofboth.Further,inadditiontothesequestions,wemustalsoinquirewhatthedreamis,andfromwhatcausesleeperssometimesdream,andsometimesdonot;orwhetherthetruthisthatsleepersalwaysdreambutdonotalwaysr
3、emember(theirdream);andifthisoccurs,whatitsexplanationis.Again,[wemustinquire]whetheritispossibleornottoforeseethefuture(indreams),andifitbepossible,inwhatmanner;further,whether,supposingitpossible,itextendsonlytothingstobeaccomplishedbytheagencyofMan,ortothosealsoofwhichthecauseliesins
4、upra-humanagency,andwhichresultfromtheworkingsofNature,orofSpontaneity.First,then,thismuchisclear,thatwakingandsleepappertaintothesamepartofananimal,inasmuchastheyareopposites,andsleepisevidentlyaprivationofwaking.Forcontraries,innaturalaswellasinallothermatters,areseenalwaystopresentth
5、emselvesinthesamesubject,andtobeaffectionsofthesame:examplesare-healthandsickness,beautyandugliness,strengthandweakness,sightandblindness,hearinganddeafness.Thisisalsoclearfromthefollowingconsiderations.Thecriterionbywhichweknowthewakingpersontobeawakeisidenticalwiththatbywhichweknowthe
6、sleepertobeasleep;forweassumethatonewhoisexercisingsense-perceptionisawake,andthateveryonewhoisawakeperceiveseithersomeexternalmovementorelsesomemovementinhisownconsciousness.Ifwaking,then,consistsinnothingelsethantheexerciseofsense-perception,theinferenceisclear,thattheorgan,invirtueof
7、whichanimalsperceive,isthatbywhichtheywake,whentheyareawake,orsleep,whentheyareawake,orsleep,whentheyareasleep.Butsincetheexerciseofsense-perceptiondoesnotbelongtosoulorbodyexclusively,then(sincethesubjectofactualityisineverycaseidenticalwiththatofpotentiality,andwhatiscalledse
