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1、ThispageintentionallyleftblankIntermediateMicroeconomicsAModernApproachEighthEditionW.W.Norton&Companyhasbeenindependentsinceitsfoundingin1923,whenWilliamWarderNortonandMaryD.HerterNortonfirstpublishedlec-turesdeliveredatthePeople’sInstitute,theadulteducationdivis
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3、amilytrans-ferredcontrolofthecompanytoitsemployees,andtoday—withastaffoffourhundredandacomparablenumberoftrade,college,andprofessionaltitlespub-lishedeachyear—W.W.Norton&Companystandsasthelargestandoldestpublishinghouseownedwhollybyitsemployees.Copyrightc2010,200
4、6,2003,1999,1996,1993,1990,1987byHalR.VarianAllrightsreservedPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaEIGHTHEDITIONEditor:JackRepcheckProductionManager:EricPier–HockingEditorialAssistant:JasonSpearsTEXnician:HalVarianISBN978-0-393-93424-3W.W.Norton&Company,Inc.,500FifthA
5、venue,NewYork,N.Y.10110W.W.Norton&Company,Ltd.,CastleHouse,75/76WellsStreet,LondonW1T3QTwww.wwnorton.com1234567890IntermediateMicroeconomicsAModernApproachEighthEditionHalR.VarianUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyW.W.Norton&Company•NewYork•LondonThispageintentional
6、lyleftblankToCarolThispageintentionallyleftblankCONTENTSPrefacexix1TheMarketConstructingaModel1OptimizationandEquilibrium3TheDe-mandCurve3TheSupplyCurve5MarketEquilibrium7Com-parativeStatics9OtherWaystoAllocateApartments11TheDis-criminatingMonopolist•TheOrdinaryM
7、onopolist•RentControl•WhichWayIsBest?14ParetoEfficiency15ComparingWaystoAl-locateApartments16EquilibriumintheLongRun17Summary18ReviewQuestions192BudgetConstraintTheBudgetConstraint20TwoGoodsAreOftenEnough21Prop-ertiesoftheBudgetSet22HowtheBudgetLineChanges24TheNume
8、raire26Taxes,Subsidies,andRationing26Example:TheFoodStampProgramBudgetLineChanges31Summary31ReviewQuestions32VIIICONTENTS3PreferencesConsumerPreferences34Assum