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1、QuantumCircuitSimulationGeorgeF.Viamontes•IgorL.Markov•JohnP.HayesQuantumCircuitSimulationGeorgeViamontesIgorL.MarkovDepartmentofElectricalEngineering&DepartmentofElectricalEngineering&ComputerScienceComputerScienceAdvancedComputerArchitectureLaboratoryUniversityofMichi
2、ganUniversityofMichiganAnnArbor,MI48109-2122gviamont@eecs.umich.eduUSAhttp://www.eecs.umich.edu/~gviamont/imarkov@eecs.umich.eduJohnP.HayesDepartmentofElectricalEngineering&ComputerScienceUniversityofMichiganAnnArbor,MI48109-2122USAjhayes@eecs.umich.eduISBN978-90-481-30
3、64-1e-ISBN978-90-481-3065-8SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYorkLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009929020©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2009Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopyi
4、ng,microfilming,recordingorotherwise,withoutwrittenper-missionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Printedonacid-freepaperSpringerispartofSpringer
5、Science+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)PrefaceRecentscientificadvances,bothexperimentalandalgorithmic,havebroughtquantuminformationprocessingclosertoreality.Theabilitytoprocessinfor-mation“quantumly”alreadyallowsultra-precisemetrologyandmoresecurecommunication,andquantum
6、algorithmsallowcomputationssuchasfactor-ingtobedonesignificantlyfasterthanweknowhowtodothemonclassicalcomputers.Withtheseadvances,quantumsimulationhasbecomeanincreas-inglyimportanttopicforboththeoreticalandengineeringreasons.Onthetheoreticalfront,progresstowarddefiningthe
7、classofcircuitsthatcanbesimulatedefficientlyonaclassicalcomputerhasandwillcontinuetoleadtoadeeperunderstandingofthepowerofquantumcomputation.Eventhoughef-ficientsimulationofallquantumcircuitsmaynotbepossible,thecircuitsthatwillmostlikelymakeupthemajorityofoperationsonaquan
8、tumcomputercaninfactbesimulatedefficiently.Thesearefault-toleranterror-correctioncircuits;theyarecomposedofonlyC
