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1、QuantumImagingMikhailI.KolobovEditorQuantumImagingMikhailKolobovLaboratoirePhLAMUniversit´edeLille1Cit´eScientifique,Bˆat.P5F-59655Villeneuved’AscqCedexFRANCELibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006924113ISBN10:0-387-33818-7e-ISBN0-387-33988-4ISBN13:978-0387-33818
2、-7Printedonacid-freepaper.C2007SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLCAllrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbrie
3、fexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames
4、,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.PrintedinSingapore.(TB/KYO)987654321springer.comPrefaceOpticalimagingtechniquesarenowadaysusednoto
5、nlybythescientificcom-munitybutalsoinourdailylifeduetoanextraordinarydevelopmentofdig-italphotoandvideocameras,thelastgenerationofcellulartelephones,andsoon.Untilveryrecentlyopticalimaginghasbeenignoringthequantumnatureoflight.Thereasonforthisisverysimple:usu
6、allytheintensityoflightusedinopticalimagingissohighthatquantumfluctuationsinherentlypresentinthelightarecompletelynegligible.However,rapidtechnologicalprogressoftenbringsusnewchallenges.Forexample,charge-coupleddevices(CCD)arecurrentlywidelyusedtocapturedigit
7、alimages.Inaquestforimprovementofthequalityandresolutionofcapturedstillimagesandmovies,currentopticalsensortechnologiesarestrugglingtoreducethepixelsize(ortoincreasethenumberofpixelsperunitarea).Asthepixelsizedecreases,theamountoflightilluminatingeachindivid
8、ualpixeldecreasesaswell.Atlowlightlevelsthequantumnatureoflightwillinevitablymanifestitselfintheappearanceofphotonsorshotnoisethatwillultimatelylimitthequalityofthedetectedimage.Thisexamplegives
