physics and applications of medical imaging

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1、PhysicsandapplicationsofmedicalimagingWilliamR.HendeeMedicalCollegeofWisconsin,Milwaukee,Wisconsin53226Medicalimagingistheprincipalmethodfornoninvasivelyobtaininganatomicandphysiologicinformationaboutthehumanbody.Imaginghasexperiencedaquantumleapintechnologyandclinicalapplicationsoverthepast25yea

2、rs.Thisleapincludesx-raycomputedtomography(CT);emissioncomputedtomography(SPECTandPET);magnetic-resonanceimaging(MRI)andspectroscopy(MRS),includingfunctionalMRI(fMRI),andthenetworkingofimagesindigitalnetworks(PACSandIMACS).Eventraditionalprojectionx-rayimagingisundergoingamajorchangewiththeadvent

3、ofdigitalx-rayimagereceptors.Imagesareimportantnotonlytothedetectionanddiagnosisofdiseaseandinjury,butalsotothedesign,delivery,andmonitoringoftreatment.Theevolutionofmedicalimagingistheproductofphysicistsworkingincollaborationwithengineersandphysicians.Furtheradvancesarelimitedonlybythecreativity

4、andimaginationoftheseindividuals.[S0034-6861(99)03702-2]CONTENTSofvarioustissueconstituentsinthepathofthex-raybeam.Theprojectionimageisatwo-dimensionaldepic-I.ProjectionRadiographyS444tionofathree-dimensionaldistributionoftissuecon-A.IntroductionS444stituents,withthethird(depth)dimensionofthebody

5、B.Analogx-rayimagereceptorsS444representedasoverlappingshadowsintheimageplane.C.X-ray¯uoroscopyS445Mentallyreconstructingthethirddimensionoftheim-D.Digitalx-rayimagereceptorsS445ageisoneofthechallengesoflearningradiology,theII.X-RayTomographyS446scienceandartofimageinterpretationinmedicine.A.Intr

6、oductionS446B.AnalogtomographyS446C.ComputedtomographyS446B.Analogx-rayimagereceptorsIII.EmissionTomographyS447IV.MagneticResonanceS447TheprojectionimageformedbytransmittedxraysisA.IntroductionS447usuallycapturedonphotographic®lm.FilmalonemayB.Magnetic-resonanceimagingS448beusedasthereceptorwheni

7、magesofexquisitespatialC.Magnetic-resonancespectroscopyS449V.ImageNetworkingS449resolutionaredesired,suchasfordetectionofhairlineVI.MedicalImagesinRadiationTreatmentPlanningS449fracturesinbonesoftheextremities.However,