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1、ElectronicPropertiesofSolidsUsingClusterMethodsFUNDAMENTALMATERIALSRESEARCHSeriesEditor:M.F.Thorpe,MichiganStateUniversityEastLansing,MichiganELECTRONICPROPERTIESOFSOLIDSUSINGCLUSTERMETHODSEditedbyT.A.KaplanandS.D.MahantiElectronicPropertiesofSolidsUsingClusterMethodsEditedbyT.A.K
2、aplanandS.D.MahantiMichiganStateUniversityEastLansing,MichiganKluwerAcademicPublishersNewYork,Boston,Dordrecht,London,MoscoweBookISBN:0-306-47063-2PrintISBN:0-306-45010-0©2002KluwerAcademicPublishersNewYork,Boston,Dordrecht,London,MoscowAllrightsreservedNopartofthiseBookmayberepro
3、ducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,recording,orotherwise,withoutwrittenconsentfromthePublisherCreatedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaVisitKluwerOnlineat:http://www.kluweronline.comandKluwer'seBookstoreat:http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.comProfessorJosephCallawa
4、y1931–1994vThispageintentionallyleftblank.SERIESPREFACEThisseriesofbooks,whichwillappearattherateofaboutoneperyear,addressfundamentalproblemsinmaterialsscience.Thetopicswillcoverabroadrangeoftopicsfromsmallclustersofatomstoengineeringmaterialsandinvolvechemistry,physics,andenginee
5、ring,withlengthscalesrangingfromÅngstromsuptomillimeters.Theemphasiswillbeonbasicscienceratherthanonapplications.Eachbookwillfocusonasingleareaofcurrentinterestandwillbringtogetherleadingexpertstogiveanup-to-datediscussionoftheirworkandtheworkofothers.Eacharticlecontainsenoughrefe
6、rencesthattheinterestedreadercanaccesstherelevantliterature.ThanksaregiventotheCenterforFundamentalMaterialsResearchatMichiganStateUniversityforsupportingthisseries.M.F.Thorpe,SeriesEditorE-Mail:Thorpe@pa.msu.eduEastLansing,MichiganviiThispageintentionallyleftblank.PREFACEThisbook
7、recordsinvitedlecturesgivenattheworkshoponElectronicPropertiesofSolidsUsingClusterMethods,heldatMichiganStateUniversityJuly17-19,1994.Clustermethodsforsolid-statestudieswereintroducedalongtimeagobyHansBetheinhisimportantworkonthecrystalfieldsplittingoftheenergylevelsofimpurityions
8、ininsulators[Ann.Physik3,133(1929
