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1、CompendiumofQuantumPhysicsDanielGreenbergerKlausHentschelFriedelWeinertEditorsCompendiumofQuantumPhysicsConcepts,Experiments,HistoryandPhilosophy123EditorsDanielGreenbergerKlausHentschelDepartmentofPhysicsUniversityofStuttgartTheCityCollegeofNewYorkSectionfortheHistoryofScience138t
2、hSt.&ConventAve.&TechnologyNewYorkNY10031Keplerstr.17USAD-70174Stuttgartgreenbgr@sci.ccny.cuny.eduGermanydansnzy@nyc.rr.comklaus.hentschel@po.hi.uni-stuttgart.deFriedelWeinertDepartmentofSocialSciencesandHumanitiesUniversityofBradfordBradfordBD71DPUKf.weinert@bradford.ac.ukISBN978-
3、3-540-70622-9e-ISBN978-3-540-70626-7DOI10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYorkLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008942038°cSpringer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2009Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,spec
4、ificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.DuplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,
5、andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprote
6、ctivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Coverdesign:deblik,BerlinPrintedonacid-freepaperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)PrefaceSinceitsinceptionintheearlypartofthetwentiethcentury,quantumphysicshasfascinatedtheacademicworld,itsstudents,an
7、deventhegeneralpublic.Infact,itisorhasbecomeahighlyinterdisciplinaryfield.Onatopicsuchasthephysicsoftheatomthedisciplinesofphysics,philosophy,andhistoryofscienceinterconnectinaremarkableway,andtoanextentthatisrevealedinthisvolumeforthefirsttime.Thiscompendiumbringstogethersome90resea
8、rchers,whohaveauthoredappr