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1、PrefaceDuringthelastyearsoftheNineteenthCentury,thedevelopmentofnewtech-niquesandtherefinementofmeasuringapparatusesprovidedanabundanceofnewdatawhoseinterpretationimplieddeepchangesintheformulationofphysicallawsandinthedevelopmentofnewphenomenology.Severalexpe
2、rimentalresultsleadtothebirthofthenewphysics.AbrieflistofthemostimportantexperimentsmustcontainthoseperformedbyH.Hertzaboutthephotoelectriceffect,themeasurementofthedistributioninfre-quencyoftheradiationemittedbyanidealoven(theso-calledblackbodyra-diation),the
3、measurementofspecificheatsatlowtemperatures,whichshowedviolationsoftheDulong–Petitlawandcontradictedthegeneralapplicabilityoftheequi-partitionofenergy.Furthermorewehavetomentionthediscov-eryoftheelectronbyJ.J.Thomsonin1897,A.MichelsonandE.Morley’sexperimentsin
4、1887,showingthatthespeedoflightisindependentofthereferenceframe,andthedetectionoflinespectrainatomicradiation.Fromatheoreticalpointofview,oneofthemainthemespushingfornewphysicswasthefailureinidentifyingtheether,i.e.themediumpropagatingelectromagneticwaves,and
5、theconsequentEinstein–LorentzinterpretationoftheGalileanrelativityprinciple,whichstatestheequivalenceamongallreferenceframeshavingalinearuniformmotionwithrespecttofixedstars.Inthelightoftheelectromagneticinterpretationofradiation,ofthedis-coveryoftheelectronan
6、dofRutherford’sstudiesaboutatomicstructure,theanomalyinblackbodyradiationandtheparticularlinestructureofatomicspectraleadtotheformulationofquantumtheory,tothebirthofatomicphysicsand,strictlyrelatedtothat,tothequantumformulationofthesta-tisticaltheoryofmatter.
7、ModernPhysics,whichisthesubjectofthisnotes,iswelldistinctfromClassicalPhysics,developedduringtheXIXcentury,andfromContemporaryPhysics,whichwasstartedduringtheThirties(ofXXcentury)anddealswiththenatureofFundamentalInteractionsandwiththephysicsofmatterunderextr
8、emeconditions.TheaimofthisintroductiontoModernPhysicsisthatofpresentingaquantitative,evenifnecessarilyalsosyntheticandschematic,VIPrefaceaccountofthemainfeaturesofSpecialRelativity,ofQuan
