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1、46.1.1HISTORYANDPHILOSOPHYOFTHESYSTEMSSCIENCESCh.0.FrançoisGESI,GrupodeEstudiodeSistemas,Argentina46.1.1.1THEROADTOWARDUNCERTAINTYKeywordsArtificialLife,Autogenesis,Automata,Autonomy,Autopoiesis,Catastrophestheory,Chaostheory,Constructivism,Criticalit
2、y(Self-organized),Cybernetics(2ndorder),Energy,Entropy,Fractals,Hierarchies,Homeostasis,Humanism(Scientific),Models(New),Networks,Nucleationprocess,Observer,Ontology,Organization,Perception,Processtheory,Synergetics,Systemists(Practical),Thermodynamic
3、s(New),Variety,Weltanschauung.Contents1.Introduction2.MedievalUniversals3.ThesnakeofrationalcuriosityintheMedievalGarden4.TheslowdawnoftechnologyinMedievalEurope5.Descartes,thenotverysystemicsystemist6.Theexpansionoftheuniverseofknowledge7.Thetwilight
4、ofscientificsimplicity:Acanofwormsin20thCenturyscience-WormsinNewton'sApple-Elusiveambiguityinthenewfieldofmicrophysics-Riddlesofclassicalthermodynamics-Mathematicalmonsters-Logicalpitfalls-Theobserverobserved-HumansciencesadriftGlossaryArtificialLife
5、AnewfieldaimingatcreatingautomataabletolearnwithoutpreciseprogramingandtointeractinmeaningfulwaysAutogenesisThespontaneouscreationofasystemfromelementsstartingtointeractAutonomyThecapacityofasystemtodetermineitsownbehavior,withinlimitsAutopoiesisTheca
6、pacityofasystemtoreproduceitsownelementsandtheirrulesofinteractions(by"organizationalclosure")ChaosThepossibilityofunpredictiblefluctuationsinthebehaviorofcomplexsystemsetceterisparibusThemethodologicalpostulateaccordingtowhichitispossibletostudyoneas
7、pectofanobjectbyrepeatedexperimentswhilemaintainingallotherconditionsinvariableFractalsTheexistenceofself-similarelementsatdifferentscalesinsystemsHomeostasisDynamicstabilitywithinlimitsbycountervailingmultiplefeedbacksNegentropyTheadquisitionofinform
8、ationororganizationasacompensationforthedissipationordegradationofenergyNucleationThesuddenappearanceofafocalpointoforganizationinemergentsystemsatahigherlevelofcomplexityOrganicismAbiologicalconceptaccordingtowhichlivingbeingsorganizationisem
