《语言学导论》重点整理

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1、实用标准文案1.AnIntroductiontoLinguisticsandlanguage1.WhatisLinguistics?Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itendeavorstoanswerthequestion--whatislanguageandhowisrepresentedinthemind?Linguistsfocusondescribingandexplaininglanguageandarenotconcernedwiththeprescriptiverulesofthel

2、anguage.2.BasiccriteriafordoingLinguistics♦1.Objectivity♦2.Explicitness♦3.Rigorousness♦4.Adequacy3.TheScopeofLinguistics(1)♦GeneralLinguistics:thestudyoflanguageasawhole♦Phonetics:thestudyofsoundsinlinguisticcommunication♦Phonology:thestudyofthesoundpatternsoflanguage.Itisconce

3、rnedwithhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.♦Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichthesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords.4.TheScopeofLinguistics(2)♦:Syntaxthestudyofsentencestructure.Itattemptstodescribewhatisgrammaticalinaparticularlanguageintermofru

4、les♦Semantics:thestudyofmeaning.♦Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaningincontext♦Sociolinguistics:thestudyofsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsociety.♦Psycholingustics:thestudyoflanguagewithrelationtopsychology♦Appliedlinguistics:thestudyofapplicationsoflinguistics.5.Somedistincti

5、onsinlinguistics♦Prescriptivevs.descriptive♦Synchronicvs.diachronic♦Speechandwriting♦Langueandparole♦Competenceandperformance♦Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics(linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive;modernlinguisticsregardsspokenlanguageasprimary,not

6、thewritten;modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitdoesnotforcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframework.)6.Whatislanguage?♦Languageisnotanabstractconstructionofthelearned,orofdictionary-makers,butissomethingarisingoutofthework,needs,ties,joys,affections,tastes,oflonggene

7、rationsofhumanity,andhasitsbasesbroadandlow,closetotheground.♦WaltWhitman7.Thedefinitionoflanguage♦Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication8.Designfeatures(Properties)♦Arbitrariness:vastmajorityoflinguisticexpressionsarearbitrary♦Productivity:creativity

8、oropen-endedness♦Duality:doublearticulation(soundsandm