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1、FundamentalsofModernUnsteadyAerodynamicsÜlgenGülçatFundamentalsofModernUnsteadyAerodynamics123Prof.Dr.ÜlgenGülçatFacultyofAeronauticsandAstronauticsIstanbulTechnicalUniversity34469MaslakIstanbulTurkeygulcat@itu.edu.trISBN978-3-642-14760-9e-ISBN978-3-642-14761-6DO
2、I10.1007/978-3-642-14761-6SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYorkLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010933355ÓSpringer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2010Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftr
3、anslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.DuplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,a
4、ndpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfr
5、omtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Coverdesign:WMXDesignGmbHPrintedonacid-freepaperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)PrefaceTheflyinganimateobjectswerepresentinearth’satmosphereabouthundredsofmillion
6、yearsbeforetheexistanceofhumankindonearth.Onlyatthebeginningoftwentiethcentury,theproperanalysisoftheliftingforcewasmadetoprovidethepossibilityofpoweredandmannedflight.Priortothat,oneofthepioneersofmechanics,SirIsaacNewtonhadused‘hisimpacttheory’inanattempttofor-m
7、ulatetheliftingforcecreatedonabodyimmersedinafreestream.Inlateseventeenthcentury,histheorywasafailureduetocalculationofinsufficientliftgenerationandmadehimcometotheconclusionthat‘flyingisapropertyofheavenlybodies’.Inasimilarmanner,almostaftertwocenturies,WilliamTho
8、mson(LordKelvin)whosecontributionstothermoandgasdynamicsarewellknown,thenprovedthat‘onlyobjectslighterthanair’canfly!Perhapsitwastheadverseinfluenceofthesetwopio
