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1、CausalityCAUSALITYPhilosophicalTheoryMeetsScientificPracticephyllisillarifedericarussoUniversityCollegeLondonUniversiteitvanAmsterdam33GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,ox26dp,UnitedKingdomOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversitysobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch
2、,scholarship,andeducationbypublishingworldwide.OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries©PhyllisIllariandFedericaRusso2014ThemoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenassertedFirstEditionpublishedin2014Impression:1Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmayberepr
3、oduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbes
4、enttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherformandyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirerPublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmericaBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublic
5、ationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014939866ISBN9780199662678PrintedinGreatBritainbyClaysLtd,StIvesplcLinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithandforinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerialscontainedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork
6、.ToDavid.AGiuseppe.FOREWORDausalityhas,ofcourse,beenoneofthebasictopicsofphilosophysincetheCtimeofAristotle.Howeverduringthelasttwodecadesorso,interestincaus-alityhasbecomeveryintenseinthephilosophyofsciencecommunity,andagreatvarietyofnovelviewsonthesubjecthaveemergedandbeendeveloped.Thisisadmir
7、able,but,atthesametime,posesaproblemforanyonewhowantstounderstandrecentdevelopmentsinthephilosophyofcausality.Howcantheygettogripswiththiscomplicatedandoftenverytechnicalliterature?Fortunately,PartIIofthisbookprovidesthesolu