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1、JohannCarlFriedrichGaussBorn:30April1777inBrunswick,DuchyofBrunswick(nowGermany)Died:23Feb1855inGöttingen,Hanover(nowGermany)Attheageofseven,CarlFriedrichGaussstartedelementaryschool,andhispotentialwasnoticedalmostimmediately.Histeacher,Büttner,andhisas
2、sistant,MartinBartels,wereamazedwhenGausssummedtheintegersfrom1to100instantlybyspottingthatthesumwas50pairsofnumberseachpairsummingto101.In1788GaussbeganhiseducationattheGymnasiumwiththehelpofBüttnerandBartels,wherehelearntHighGermanandLatin.Afterreceiv
3、ingastipendfromtheDukeofBrunswick-Wolfenbüttel,GaussenteredBrunswickCollegiumCarolinumin1792.AttheacademyGaussindependentlydiscoveredBode'slaw,thebinomialtheoremandthearithmetic-geometricmean,aswellasthelawofquadraticreciprocityandtheprimenumbertheorem.
4、In1795GaussleftBrunswicktostudyatGöttingenUniversity.Gauss'steachertherewasKästner,whomGaussoftenridiculed.HisonlyknownfriendamongstthestudentswasFarkasBolyai.Theymetin1799andcorrespondedwitheachotherformanyyears.GaussleftGöttingenin1798withoutadiploma,
5、butbythistimehehadmadeoneofhismostimportantdiscoveries-theconstructionofaregular17-gonbyrulerandcompassesThiswasthemostmajoradvanceinthisfieldsincethetimeofGreekmathematicsandwaspublishedasSectionVIIofGauss'sfamouswork,DisquisitionesArithmeticae.Gaussre
6、turnedtoBrunswickwherehereceivedadegreein1799.AftertheDukeofBrunswickhadagreedtocontinueGauss'sstipend,herequestedthatGausssubmitadoctoraldissertationtotheUniversityofHelmstedt.HealreadyknewPfaff,whowaschosentobehisadvisor.Gauss'sdissertationwasadiscuss
7、ionofthefundamentaltheoremofalgebra.Withhisstipendtosupporthim,Gaussdidnotneedtofindajobsodevotedhimselftoresearch.HepublishedthebookDisquisitionesArithmeticaeinthesummerof1801.Thereweresevensections,allbutthelastsection,referredtoabove,beingdevotedtonu
8、mbertheory.InJune1801,Zach,anastronomerwhomGausshadcometoknowtwoorthreeyearspreviously,publishedtheorbitalpositionsofCeres,anew"smallplanet"whichwasdiscoveredbyGPiazzi,anItalianastronomeron1January,1801.Unfortunately,Piazzihadonl
