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1、第七单元TextA成人尿路感染尿路感染是一个严重的健康问题,每年影响数百万人。泌尿道Infectionsoftheurinarytractarethesecondmostcommontypeofinfectioninthebody.感染是人体第二大最常见类型的感染。每年因Urinarytractinfections(UTIs)accountforabout8.3milliondoctorvisitseachyear.*WomenareespeciallypronetoUTIsforreasonsthatar
2、enotyetwellunderstood.尿路感染(UTIs)就医的人数约为830万人。妇女尤其容易感染UTIs,但原因尚不清楚。20%的女性会患尿路感染20会感染会患尿路感染会。UTIsinmenarenotascommonasinwomenbutcanbeveryseriouswhentheydoocc男子的发病率不如女性高,但一旦发病会很严重。*AmbulatoryCareVisitstoPhysicianOffices,HospitalOutpatientDepartments,andEmerge
3、ncyDepartments:UnitedStates,1999–2000.VitalandHealthStatisticsTheurinarysystemconsistsofthekidneys,ureters,bladder,andurethra.泌尿系统由肾脏﹑输尿管﹑膀胱和尿道组成。系统中Thekeyelementsinthesystemarethekidneys,apairofpurplish-brownorganslocatedbelowtheribstowardthemiddleoftheba
4、ck.关键要素是肾脏,位于背部中间肋骨下方的一对深紫色器官。Thekidneysremoveexcessliquidandwastesfromthebloodintheformofurine,keepastablebalanceofsaltsandothersubstancesintheblood,andproduceahormonethataidstheformationofredbloodcells.肾脏以尿液的形式消除血液中过剩的液体和废物,保持血液中盐和其它物质相对的稳定和平衡,产生促使红血球生成的
5、激素。称为Narrowtubescalledureterscarryurinefromthekidneystothebladder,asack-likeorganinthelowerabdomen.输尿管的窄管把尿液从肾脏导到膀胱,一个位于下腹袋子状的器官。Urineisstoredinthebladderandemptiedthroughtheurethra.尿液储存在膀胱里并通过尿道排空。Theaverageadultpassesaboutaquartandahalfofurineeachday.成人平
6、均每天排尿量为1.5夸脱(大约1500毫升)。但尿量不尽相同Theamountofurinevaries,dependingonthefluidsandfoodsapersonconsumes.但尿量,这取决于人消耗的食物和水。Thevolumeformedatnightisabouthalfthatformedinthedaytim夜间形成的尿量只有白天的一半左右。[Top]WhatarethecausesofUTI?尿路感染的原因Normally,urineissterile.尿液通常是无菌的,一般不含
7、细菌、病毒和真菌,但含有液体、盐和废物。有Aninfectionoccurswhentinyorganisms,usuallybacteriafromthedigestivetract,clingtotheopeningoftheurethraandbegintomultiply.有有有些微生物,通常是从消化道进入的细菌,聚集在尿道,并开始繁殖,就会引发感染。Theurethraisthetubethatcarriesurinefromthebladdertooutsidethebody.尿道是将尿液从膀胱
8、排除体外的管道。Mostinfectionsarisefromonetypeofbacteria,Escherichiacoli(E.coli),whichnormallylivesinthecolon.大部分感染是由大肠杆菌引起的,通常生活在结肠。Inmanycases,bacteriafirsttraveltotheurethra.通常情况下,细菌首先进入尿道。Whenbacteriamultiply,ani