语言学复习资料(精编)

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1、Chapter1Introduction4..lDefinitionoflinguisticsLinguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.1)ScopeoflinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGeneralLinguistics.1.13Somedistinctionsinlinguistics1.1.2Prescriptive说明性vs.Descriptive描述性Descriptive——describe/analy

2、zethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Prescriptive——laydownrulesfor"correctandstandard”behaviourinusinglanguage・1.1.3Synchronic共时的vs.diachronic历时的Synchronicstudy■一descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)Diachronicstudy™descriptionofalanguagethroughtime(

3、historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)Synchronicapproachenjoyspriorityoveradiachronicone.1.1.4SpeechandwritingSpeech——PrimarymediumoflanguageWriting——LaterdevelopedSpeechispriortowriting[5reasons]1.1.5.Langueandparole(F.deSaussure:1857-1913)Languetheabs

4、tractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityParole——therealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisabstract.Paroleisconcrete・Langueisstable.Parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.1.1.6.Competence语言能力andperformance语言运用(Chomsky)Compete

5、ncetheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance—theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Q：SimilarityanddifferencebetweenSaussure'sdistinctionandthatofChomskySimilarity:bothmakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheac

6、tualuseoflanguage・Difference:Chomsky'scompetence-performanceisfrompsychologicalpointofview・Saussure"slangue-paroleisfromsociologicalpointofview.1.1.7TraditionalgrammarandmodemlinguisticsQ:Whatarethedifferencesbetweentraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics?Firstly,l

7、inguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive・Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.ModernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework・1.1Definitionsoflanguage

8、Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.2Designfeaturesoflanguage^Arbitrariness:Generallythereisnologicalconnectionbetweenme