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1、LanguageandsocietyDownes(sociologist)Sociolinguisticsisthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesjustthosepropertiesoflanguageswhichrequirereferencetosocial,includingcontextualfactorsintheirexplanation.SociolinguisticsHudson(linguist）社会语言学即联系社会对语言进行的研究。Ervin-Tripp(psychologist)系统研究语言形式及其社会意义相互之间关系的学说。Fish
2、man(sociologist)什么人对什么人，为了什么目的，什么时候，说了什么Nature:languagestructuresocial,culturalcontextsociolinguisticsPeoplewhoclaimtobeusersofthesamelanguagedonotspeakthelanguageinthesamemanner.Varietyisthelabelgiventotheformofalanguageusedbyanygroupofspeakersorusedinaparticularfield.Standarddialect:Sociallypres
3、tigiousdialect.Bythegovernment,massmedia,schools.Anymembercanpossiblyuse.Basedonaselectedvariety.Notacquirednaturally,butsuperimposed.普通话的定义：以北京语音为标准音,以北方话为基础方言,以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的现代汉民族共同语。InBritain,accent=markerofstatusRP:anon-localizedformofpronunciation,referstotheparticularwayofpronouncingstanda
4、rdEnglish,anindicatorofapublicschooleducationandthusahighsocialstatusonthepartofthespeaker.Regionaldialectsarelinguisticvarietiesusedbypeoplelivingindifferentregions.Regionaldialectboundariesoftencoincidewithgeographicalbarrierssuchasmountains,rivers,orswamps.EnglishScottishItneedswashingItneedswa
5、shedSocialdialect,orsociolect,referstothelinguisticvarietythatcharacterizethespeechofdifferentsocialclasses.Socialdialecthastodowithseparationbroughtaboutbydifferentsocialconditions.Upperclass:America,cake,helping,ice,lavatory,lookingglass,pudding,relatives,rich,Royalties,scent,scurf,sick,sofa,spe
6、ctacles,writingpaperLowerclass:theStates,pastry,portion,ice-cream,toilet,mirror,dessert,relations,wealthy,Royals,perfume,dandruff,ill,settee,glasses,notepaper,SpeakerASpeakerBIdidityesterday.Idoneityesterday.Hehasn’tgotit.Heain’tgotit.Itwasshethatsaidit.ItwasherwhatsaiditWhenwelookatthelanguageuse
7、dbytwospeakersAandB,wecanestimateroughlytheirrelativesocialstatus.Dialect&AccentDialect&accentFieldofdiscourse:whatisgoingon,purposeandsubject-matterofcommunication,why,whatTechnicalvs.non-technicalTenorofdiscour
