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1、ChaptertwoTheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabularyContentsoftoday’slectureIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyHistoryofthedevelopmentofEnglishvocabularyGeneralcharacteristicsForeignelementsintheEnglishlanguageGrowthofcontemporaryEnglishvocabularyModesofthedevelopmentofmodernEnglishvocabulary2.1TheIndo
2、-EuropeanlanguageFamily3000(somesay5000)languagesintheworld3000—300languagefamiliesTheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyismadeupofmostlanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.近东,一个政治地理术语,一般是相对中东,远东地区而言的概念,指距离西欧较近的国家和地区,是欧洲人指亚洲西南部和非洲东北部地区,但伊朗、阿富汗除外。近东通常指地中海东部沿岸地区。包括非洲东北部和亚洲西南部,有时还包括巴尔干半岛。,"远东"系指离西欧
3、最远的亚洲东部地区,包括中国、朝鲜、韩国、日本以及俄罗斯的太平洋沿岸地区,习惯上有时也把东南亚各国归到远东之列。“中东”概念究竟包括哪些国家和地区,国内外尚无定论,但一般泛指西亚,北非地区,约24个国家。传统上的“中东”一般说来包括巴林、埃及、伊朗、伊拉克(专题,图库)、以色列、约旦、科威特、黎巴嫩、阿曼、卡塔尔、沙特、叙利亚、阿联酋和也门,巴勒斯坦,塞浦路斯,土耳其。而广义上的中东则还包括了阿富汗、利比亚、苏丹、突尼斯、阿尔及利亚、摩洛哥、毛里塔尼亚、索马里、吉布提、科摩罗。其中,除以色列、塞浦路斯外,都是伊斯兰国家。而在这些中东伊斯兰国家中,土耳其、伊朗和阿富汗为非阿
4、拉伯国家。Thelanguagesinthisfamilyfallinto10principalgroups,whichfallintoanEasternset:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,Armenian,andAlbanian;andaWesternset:Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic,Hittite,andTocharian.AlltheselanguagesareimportanttoEnglishtoagreaterorlesserextentsinceeachhaslentwordsintotheEng
5、lishlanguage.2.2ThreePhasesoftheHistoricalDevelopment1.OldEnglish(450-1150)RomansinvadedtheBritishIslesandoccupiedtillabout410.AfterthewithdrawalofRomans,Anglos,SaxonsandJutescame.OldEnglish=Anglo-Saxon①OldEnglishhasavocabularyof50,000to60,000wordswithafewborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavia
6、nLatinwordswerebroughtinwithreligiousconquestinthe6thcentury:abbot,candle,altar,amen,apostleTheScandinavianwordsenteredtheEnglishlanguagewiththeNorthmeninvasionbyNorwegianandDanishVikingsinthe9thcentury.北方人北欧海盗ManyScandinavianwordsenteredtheEnglishlanguage:father,husband,house,life,man,mo
7、ther,summer,winter②OldEnglishwasahighlyinflectedlanguage.(高度屈折化的语言)Nouns,pronouns,adjectives,verbs,andadverbshadcomplexsystemsofendingsorvowelchangesorboth,whichdiffergreatlyfromthelanguageweusetoday.2.MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)TheNormanConquesthappenedin1066.①Normans