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时间:2018-11-23
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1、Unit1TheHumancomplex—ANever–failingSourceofWonderment“Inmyview,”wroteThomasJeffersonin1814,“noknowledgecanbemoresatisfactorytoamanthatofhisownframe,itsparts,theirfunctionsandactions.”DistinguishedthinkersbeforeandsinceJeffersonhaveheldthisbelief,butcu
2、riously,itisnotonethattheaveragepersonwholeheartedlyshares.Man’sattitudetowardhisownbody—hissinglemostpreciouspossession—isdecidedlyambivalent.Atoneandthesametimeheisfascinatedbyitandfearfulofit,partlyinechoofancienttaboos,partlyintheconvictionthatthe
3、bodyistoocomplicatedtounderstand.“在我看来,”托马斯杰佛逊于1814年写道:“对人来说,没有什么知识会比了解自身的架构、部件、以及他们的功能和运动更能使他满足。”在杰佛逊前后的杰出思想家均持有这个观点,但激发人好奇心的是,这个观点并不为普罗大众所由衷地接受。人们对自己的身体(这个对他自身来说最为宝贵的财富)的态度其实是充满矛盾的。一方面,人们对身体感到非常着迷,另一方面,却又对其深感敬畏,这在一定程度上是受古代禁忌的影响,也在一定程度上反映了人们确信肉体过于复杂而
4、难以理解。Thepossibleapproachestoastudyofthebodyarelegion.Tothecynic,thebodyisnomorethanatenementofclay;tothepoet,apalaceofthesoul;tothephysician,anall-too-ailinghulk.Thepsychiatristseesitasahousingforthemindandpersonality.Thegeneticistseesitasaperpetuator
5、ofitsownkind.Thebiologistseesitasanorganismwhichcanalterthefutureasaresultoftheexperienceofthepast.研究人体的方法可谓纷繁多样。对愤世嫉俗者来说,人体贱如粘土陋室;对吟诗作赋者来说,人体尊如灵魂的宫殿;对内科医生来说,人体是脆弱多病的躯壳。精神病学家视其为理智和个性的居所。遗传学家当其为自我繁衍的机器。生物学家视其为能借过往的经验来改变未来的生命体。Allthespecializedscientifi
6、cviewsofthebodyarevalid.All,however,muststartfromthesamepremise:anawarenessofthebody’sbasicstructureandfunctions—itsanatomyandphysiology.Andthebedrockprincipleofourpresentunderstandingofthebodyisthatalllivingmatteriscomposedofcellsbasicallysimilarinst
7、ructureandfunction.所有有关人体的专业科学的观点都是有依据的,然而,所有的这些都必须有同一个前提:那就是对研究人体的基本结构和功能的解剖学和生理学的认识。我们对身体的了解的基本原则是,所有生物都是由结构和功能基本相似的细胞构成的。ASwarmofTinySpecialistsStudiesofthecell—whatitis,whatitdoesandhowitreproducesitself—haverevealedittobeafantasticallycomplexworl
8、dinitself.Oneofthemajorwondersofthecellisthedisparitybetweenitsminutenessandtheprodigiousnessofitsactivity.Eachcellissotinythatmillionsofthemmaybefoundinahalf-inchcubeofhumanbodytissue.Yeteachcomprisesanalmostunimaginablybusychemicallaboratory
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