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1、膜水的基本原则Treatment治疗AlysonSagleandBennyFreemanAlysonSagle和Benny弗里曼11Introduction简介Membranesemergedasaviablemeansofwaterpurificationinthe1960swiththedevelopment膜的出现与发展在20世纪60年代作为净化水质的一种可行的手段ofhighperformancesyntheticmembranes.高性能合成膜。Implementationofmembranesforwatertr
2、eatment水处理膜的执行情况hasprogressedusingmoreadvancedmembranesmadefromnewmaterialsandemployedin使用新材料制成,并受聘于的更先进的膜已取得进展variousconfigurations.各种配置。Anincreasingscarcityinfreshwatersourcesfueledapushtowards在淡水资源的日益匮乏,助长了对推alternativeresourcessuchasoceanwater.如海水替代资源。Inthe1970
3、s,explorationbeganintousingmembranes在20世纪70年代,勘探开始考虑使用膜forwaterdesalination.海水淡化。Provingsuccessfulatproducingpurifiedwaterfromsaltwater,证明是成功的在生产纯净水从盐水,membranesbecameaviablealternativetoevaporation-basedtechnologiesinthewatertreatment在水处理膜蒸发技术成为一种可行的替代market.市场。Ov
4、ertheyears,purifiedwaterstandardshavebecomemorestringent,andaplethoraof多年来,纯净水的标准更加严格,以及大量的newapplicationshaveappeared.新的应用出现。However,membraneshaverisentothechallengeandcontinue然而,膜具有上升的挑战,并继续toperformefficientlyandeffectively高效和有效地执行11.。Background背景Typesofmembrane
5、s.Watertreatmentprocessesemployseveraltypesofmembranes膜水处理工艺类型采用几种类型的膜11.。They他们includemicrofiltration(MF),ultrafiltration(UF),reverseosmosis(RO),andnanofiltration(NF)包括微滤(MF),超滤(UF),反渗透(RO)和纳滤(NF)membranes(Figure1)膜(图1)22.。MFmembraneshavethelargestporesizeandtypic
6、allyrejectlargeMF膜的最大孔径,通常拒绝大particlesandvariousmicroorganisms.颗粒和各种微生物。UFmembraneshavesmallerporesthanMFmembranes超滤膜比MF膜收细毛孔and,therefore,inadditiontolargeparticlesandmicroorganisms,theycanrejectbacteriaand因此,除了大颗粒和微生物,它们可以拒绝细菌和solublemacromoleculessuchasproteins.
7、水溶性大分子,如蛋白质。ROmembranesareeffectivelynon-porousand,反渗透膜是有效的非多孔,therefore,excludeparticlesandevenmanylowmolarmassspeciessuchassaltions,organics,因此,排除颗粒,如盐离子,有机物,甚至许多低摩尔质量的物种,etc.等22NFmembranesarerelativelynewandaresometimescalled“loose”ROmembranes.NF膜的相对较新,有时也被称为“松散
8、”的反渗透膜。They他们areporousmembranes,butsincetheporesareontheorderoftenangstromsorless,theyexhibit多孔膜,但因为毛孔是10埃或更少的顺序上,他们表现出performancebetweenthatofRO