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1、转换的耕作:从农业史到食物体系史*论文摘要:本文的目的是为了运用一个新的完整的概念来研究农业历史,这一概念使得农业生产与销售、分配等有机地联系起来。原因有两个:其一是因为许多从事农业史的学者将自己限制在农业生产之中,以至于他们不能有效地把握农业因素与其它社会因素之间的关系。其二是因为在现代生活中随着农业的地位越来越变得相对下降,特别是在研究者将农业孤立于社会和经济生活之外的时候,越来越少的学者有兴趣来研究农业史。由于强烈地受到由诺贝尔奖得主威斯利·里昂提夫所创立的投入产出分析理论,特别是戴维斯和高登博格将其运用于农业史研究中的影响,作者展示了系统的概念,提
2、供了大量的例子说明如何将系统的概念应用于实际之中.freelers,ButNotaFarmer’siguelKorzenieVanderbilt,TheSneakerBook:AnatomyofanIndustryandanIcon(NeericanSlavesandTheirHistory,”inGenovese,.freelericanHistory(Neinistration,HarvardUniversity,1957),p.2.6Ontheapproach,seearketingChannelsandStorage,”inGrainMarketi
3、ng,ed.GailL.CramerandEricJ..Connorandeal((Boston:HoughtonMifflin,2001),pp.111-116.Forthebroadercontext,seeHarveyLevenstein,ParadoxofPlenty:ASocialHistoryofEatinginModernAmerica(NeasJeffersontoJohnLangdon,September11,1785,inThePapersofThomasJefferson,ed.JulianP.Boydetal.,29vols.thu
4、sfar(Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress,1950-),8:512-513(quote,p.513).NotethatJefferson’sphraseactuallyreads:“Butministersandmerchantslovenobody.”Thephrase,hople,ANeentEconomics(1984).Forabroaderdiscussionofsuchmatters,seeDebrajRay,DevelopmentEconomics(Princeton:PrincetonUniversit
5、yPress,1998),pp.529-589.23PeterA.Coclanis,“InRetrospect:RansomandSutch’sOneKindofFreedom,”RevieericanHistory28(September2000):478-489.AlsoseeRay,DevelopmentEconomics,pp.529-589.24Foranintroductiontotheodernagriculturalfinance,see,forexample,RalpharyD.Earle,FoodMarketing:AnInternat
6、ionalPerspective(Boston:McGratheHistoryofAgriculturetotheHistoryofFoodSystemsAbstractTheauthormakesthecaseforaneatterspertainingtoagriculturalproduction,broadlyconceived,tothosepertainingtodistributionandconsumption.Hedoessofortostscholarlyapproachestoagriculturalhistoryhavefocuse
7、dsocloselyonproductionitselfthattheyhavenotbeenablesufficientlytoappreciatetherelationshipbetportantinmodernlife,feotherrealmsofeconomicandsociallife.Draicapproachknoistplesofhoightbeapplied,andexhortsotheragriculturalhistorianstofolloorestudentsintothefield.Keys