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1、YipSang,aChinese-CanadianTheBritishandChinesesignedtheTreatyofNankingin1842,eachprovidingtheirrespectivesubjectswiththerighttobenefitfromfullsecurityandprotectionfortheirpersonsandpropertywithineachother’sboundaries.EventhoughChinadidnoopenlyallowemigration(移居),in1
2、860alawwaspassedwhichstatedthatChineseseekingtoworkintheBritishColoniesorotherplaceswereatlibertytodoso.TheyhadonlytoshipthemselvesandtheirfamiliesonboardanyBritishvesselatanyoftheopenportsinChina.In1868,anothertreaty,thisonewiththeUnitedStates,gavetheChinesetherig
3、httochangetheirhomeandloyaltyfromonecountrytoanotherforthepurposesofcuriosity,oftrade,oraspermanentresidents,therebyopeningthegatesforemigrationfromChina.ThegoldboominBritishColumbiainthe1850’swasthebeginningofChineseimmigrationfromtheU.S.intoCanada.Manyoftheseearl
4、yimmigrantsfromFujianandGuangdongprovincestoSanFrancisco.WhentheyheardofthegolddiscoveriesinBritishColumbia,manycrossedtheborderintoCanadabymovingoverlandthroughOregonorarrivingbyseainVictoria.Whenthegolddepositsweredepleted(用尽,枯竭),theseearlysettlerstayed,movingint
5、ooccupationslikegardening,farming,domesticservice,roadconstruction,andrailwaybuilding.By1871,thesewereapproximately3,000Chineseinhabitantsintheprovince,only53ofwhombeingwomen.SinceChineseworkerswereknowtobeconscientiousandreliable,severalcompaniesactivelyrecruitedt
6、hem.Asaresult,itwasestimatedthat10,000workersarrivedbetween1882and1884.InanefforttorestricttheentryofChineseimmigrants,anactwaspassedintheCanadianParliamentconfiningtheproportiontoonepersonforevery50tonsofvesseltonnage(船舶的吨数).Aheadtaxwasalsoimposed.Recordsofthosewh
7、opaidtheheadtaxarestillavailableforviewingintheNationalArchivesofCanada.AnarticleintheIllustratedLondonNewsinJanuary1875gavesomeinsightintotheemigrationprocessoftheChinesebyconveyingtheideasofchangestheymightundergo.Theauthorthoughtthemodifications(修改,改造)wouldbesli
8、ghtandprincipallyexternal.Hebelievedthat,inanattempttoblendin,theChinesewouldadoptAmericanlanguage,culture,anddress.However,becausetheChinesebrou
