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www.TopSage.com大家网39/40星火贯通英语15篇文章贯通六级词汇Preface前言Directions使用说明Unit1InAnotherWorm另一个世界Unit2Let'sDressUp-It'sHalloween万圣节——让我们盛装打扮起来Unit3Gardening园艺Unit4ACanadianFamilyStory一个加拿大家庭的故事Unit5TheFraud这个骗子Unit6ThePasture牧场Unit7TheDecision决定Unit8Chinese-AmericanRelations：AHistory（Ⅰ）中美关系史（一）Unit9Chinese-AmericanRelations：AHistory（Ⅱ）中美关系史（二）Unit10ASolitaryQuest独自寻访Unit11ActingTodayforTomorrow为了明天，今天就行动吧Unit12TheAmericanDream美国梦Unit13SexRoleStereotypes性别成规Unit14Dr．SunYat-sen：FatheroftheChineseRevolution中国革命之父孙中山先生Unitl5TheWorldTradeOrganization（WTO）andChinaWTO与中国Appendix附录Index索引更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40UNIT1InAnotherWorldHereIam,inChina,halfwayaroundtheworldfromhome.AsIlookatmyclockandcalculate（计算）thetimebackhomeIrealizethathalfaworldaway,peoplearebusygettingreadyforawedding.Thebrideismyniece（侄女）,apersonIfirstmetwhenshewasthreedaysold.IthinkbacktothefirsttimeIhadtheopportunitytobecomeacquaintedwith（开始了解；知道熟悉）myniece.Asmysistercradled（n摇篮vt抚育）herinherarms,theinfant（adj婴儿的幼稚的未成年的初期的n.婴儿）girlclasped（紧抱）hermother'soutstretched（伸开的）finger.Myintuition（直觉）toldmethathertemperament（气质性格急躁）wouldbeasunnydisposition（n.处置性情部署倾向）,ajoytopeoplearoundher.Asshegrew,thecutelittlegirlhadaninfectious（adj.传染的）laughthatstartedasasmallgrin（n.adj.露齿笑）,thenbecameagiggle（n.v.咯咯笑）andgrewlouderandlouderuntilittriggered（触发引起）aresponsefromallthepeoplearoundherandtheyjoinedin.Asanadolescent（未成年青春期）,shestudiedhardandenjoyedwelldeservedsuccessinsecondary（中等的第二的次要的）schoolassheinteracted（互相影响互相作用）with（与….相互作用）herpeer（贵族，同等的人）group（同辈群体）.Afterreceivingherhighschooldiploma（高中文凭）,shechosenursingashercareer.Fromthebeginningoftheyoungcouple’sromanceitwasevident（明显的明白的）thattheywerecompatible（兼容的能共处的）andwerecompletelyintriguedwith（对….感兴趣）eachother.ThecouplehadanengagementpartywhenIwasathomeinCanadaafewmonthsago.Thepartywasintheformofapicnicinabeautifulrosegarden.Tocelebrateandtotoasttheirfuture,wedrankchampagne.Astheyposed（摆姿势）underanarch（拱门）coveredwithclimbingroses,wesnapped（啪啪作响拍快照）picturesfortheirphotoalbum(相簿).Thecoupledecidedonafallwedding.Plansfortheweddingdaywereactivatedimmediately.Thedecisionsabouttheforthcoming（即将来临的）eventweresharedbythewholefamily.Aclosefriendofthefamilywascontactedandinvitedtosingasolojustpriorto（在….之前）theceremony.Thedaybeforetheceremony,arehearsal（排演）wouldtakeplacesothattheremainder（剩余的）ofthedetailscouldbelookedafterandattendedto.Theplanningthattakesplacebeforehandforoneoftheseeventsandalltheworkthatthebigdayentails,withmanypeoplecollaboratingtomaketheeventrunsmoothly,areimmense.Theconscientiousattentiontodetailwillbeevidenttothespectatorsofthisevent.Icanimaginetheexcitementandemotionsofthefamilytoday.Thetimeisnear.Theceremonywillbeginin3shorthours.Thebridewillberadiantasshecomesdowntheaisleescortedbyherfather.Shewillwearhergrandmother'spearlsasanaccessory.Herveilwillbethesameoneashercousinworelastyear.Asiscustomary,underhergarmentsshewillwearabluegarter.AspartofthetraditionofCanadianweddings,shewillbewearingsomethingold(thepearls),somethingnew(hergown),somethingborrowed(theveil)andsomethingblue(thegarter).Asthefirstchordsoftheweddingmarchareplayed(amelodyfamiliartoall),thecongregationwillrise.Gaspswillbeheardastheycatchaglimpseofthebrideinhergorgeousweddinggown.Themotherofthebridewillcalmlyviewthiswholeevent,thoughtearswillblurhervision.Shewillbeovercomewithsentimentatherdaughter'sapparenthappiness.Thepicturewillbeonethatwillembodyhopeforthefutureofhumanity.Asthecoupleexchangeweddingvowstheywillbeaffirmingtheirloveandmakingacommitmenttoeachother.Allthespectatorsaretheretowishthemwell.Asthetimeapproaches,Ithinkbacktootherfamilyweddingsovermanyyears.MyoldersisterswereallmarriedinthesamechurchandasbridestheycarriedawhiteBibledecoratedwithtiny更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40roses.Thereceptionsfortheirweddingswereallheldinthesamechurchbasement,astherewasnolargebanquethallinthelocalarea.Thefeastwasusuallycateredbyagroupofchurchmembers.Today'sweddingreceptionwillbeheldinanarenathatwillbedecoratedwithjusttherightamountoffallflowersinwonderfularraystogiveitdignityyetatouchofglamour.Thetabledecorationswillbeamasterpiece.Oneofthetabledecorationswillbesmallpumpkins,usedascontainersforflowersthatwerecollectedfromfamilygardens,surroundedbyalargewreathmadefromlongstalksofwheat.Therewillbeafewcolouredleavesplacedinsidethewreath.Maybetheywilluseoakandmapleleavestoshowthesplendouroftheautumncolours.Thecolouroftheoutfitsthatthebridesmaidsarewearingwillbefallcoloursaswell.Theingeniousdecorationswillbeappreciatedbythemanyguestsattendingthefestivities.Ateachplacesettingtherewillbeaspecialpapernapkinwiththebrideandgroom'snameprintedonitandthedateoftheirwedding.Itwillbecarefullyfoldedplacedontopandofalinennapkin.Thiswillbeoneofthesouvenirstheguestswillhavetocommemoratethespecialweddingday.Alsoateachplacewillbeafewafterdinnermintsfortheguests.Aminiaturetreewillalsobeplacedateachpersonsplace.Theintentisforthegueststotakethelittletreehomeandtransplantittoaspecialplace.Inthisway,ourenvironmentisalsoimprovedandthetreewillbecomealivingtributetotheyoungcouple.Thegroomwillcarryheracrossthethresholdasiscustomaryforayoungcoupleastheybegintheirnewlifetogether.ThehoneymoonplanswilltakethemtothewestcoastofCanada.Theywillhaveaweekofprivacyfarawayfromfriendsandfamily.TheywillinhabitacondominiuminthetownofWhistler,BritishColumbia,intheRockyMountains.Theywillfeelasiftheyareroyaltylivinginamansioninthislittlebitofparadiseonearth.Thereafter,theywillreturnhometoOntariowheretheywillreside.TheiroriginalplantospendtheirhoneymoononboardayachtintheMediterraneanSeawasabandonedwhenworldcircumstancesdictatedthatourcountryCanadawasasaferchoice.Earlierthismonth,asIthoughtabouttheforthcomingmarriage,andknewthatIwouldbeunabletoattend,Idecidedtowriteamessagetotheyoungcouple.Theintentwasthatthemessagewouldbereadaloudduringtheweddingreception.Inthemessage,Iwishedthemwellandurgedthemtocherisheachothereveryday.（1083words）premium(1.高昂的；优质的)(2.有非凡能力的；特佳的；特级的)(3.高价的；售高价的)(1.保险费)(2.奖品，奖赏；(尤指)奖金)(3.额外费用；附加费)(4.利息；股金；加班费；保险费，保健费)(8.(为推销商品等而根的)优惠；回扣(如让价、附赠礼物等))(6.(商品定价、贷款利息等以外的)加价，加阜款，溢价)更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40UNIT2Let'sDressUp--It'sHalloweenFromearlychildhoodgettingdressedupisconnectedwithaspecialpastimeinNorthAmerica,calledHalloween.HalloweeniscelebratedonthelastnightofOctober,whentheairiscrisp(3.干冷的,空气或天气凉爽的；清新的；干燥寒冷让人舒畅的)andsnowisnotfaroff(1.远,在远处的).Everyyoungchildisacquaintedwith(1. HeisacquaintedwithFrench.他精通法语。)(1. HeisacquaintedwithFrench.他精通法语。)thisexcitingtradition.OnthelastdayofOctoberwhendinnerisfinished,childrenhurrytodressupinacostume.Darknesscomesearlyatthistimeofyearandcaution(2.（对危险或风险的）警告，告诫)mustbepracticed(1.熟练的;有经验的;精通的),foremostbythechildrenwhoaregoingfromhousetohouse,“trickortreat”.Parentswarntheirchildrennottodart(1.投掷;投射)outinfrontofcars.Inalltheexcitementitiseasyforchildrentobecomedistractedandignoresafetyrules.Planningwhatyourcostumewillbe,aheadoftime,ispartofthefunoftheevening.Manymotherswillspendtimefabricatingoutfitsfortheirlittlegirlswhosuddenlyturnintocircusclowns,beautifulballet(1.芭蕾舞)dancersorweirdcolorfulbug(1.虫子,小昆虫)(2.病菌;轻微的传染病;小病)(3.(机器等)故障;程序错误,缺陷)(4.窃听器)s.Fathersmayhelptheirsonsconstructacostume(1.（戏剧或电影的）戏装，服装)offoil(2.陪衬,衬托)(3.（击剑运动用的）花剑，钝头剑)(4.(船)翼，叶（片）)armor(2.盔甲).LittleboysoftenenjoypretendingtheyareinthearmysoonHalloweenitispossibletoseesquads(3.体育运动的运动（代表）队)(1.(军队中的)班,小队)(4.（暗杀）小组)(2.（对付某类犯罪活动的）警察队伍)oflieutenants(3.副职官员;助理官员;代理官员)(5.（美国警察的）一定级别的警官)(2.空军,海军上尉)andsergeant(2.陆军（或空军）中士)(1.警官)smarchingalonginthedark.Weaffiliate(1.使隶属于,接纳…为成员)(1.附属企业；分支机构；分公司；分会)(1.加入；与…有关；为…工作)thiscelebrationwiththesupernaturalsosomechildrenmaychoosetowearaskeletoncostumebearingaskull(1.颅骨,脑壳)andcrossbones(1.交叉腿骨的图形),orevenamonstercostume.Thechoiceofwardrobe(3.（剧院或电视公司的）服装部，戏装保管室)(1.衣柜,衣橱；（英国）放置衣物的壁橱)fortheeveningisreallylimitless.Witchescanbeseenridingonbroomstick(1.(童话故事中女巫常骑于空中的带柄的)扫帚)sacrosswell-illuminated(7. illuminatedbymeansoffloodlights.用照明灯的方法照明。)intersection(2.交叉点,十字路口)(1.横断;交叉)s.Earlierintheeveningtheymayhaveconcoct(2.编造,捏造)(1.将(尤指通常不相配合的)成分混合成某物;调制)ed(2. Heconcoctedanexcuseforbeinglate.他为迟到而编造理由。)aw(1.呻吟声)(1.呻吟;悲叹)itch(1.女巫,巫婆)'sbrew(2.（尤指某地酿造的）啤酒)(1.调制,酿造)toquench(1.(用水)扑灭(火焰等)；熄灭)(2.解(渴)）；止（渴）)(4.将(热物体)放入水中急速冷却)(3.终止(某事物))theirthirstfortheirarrivalhome.Ghostscanbeheardgroan(1.呻吟)(1.呻吟,叹息)ingandmoaningwhiletheyglide(1.滑行,滑动,滑翔)(1.滑行；滑动；掠过)(2.(鸟或飞机)滑翔)alongcitystreets.Beautifulbutterfliesflutte(3.飞来飞去；翩翩飞舞)(1.飘动，挥动，颤动)(2.(心)快速跳动，怦怦乱跳，扑腾)(2.振动；飘动；挥动；颤动)(1.（鸟或昆虫）拍（翅），振（翅），鼓（翼）)rbyontheirwaytoaparty.Pirate(1.海盗)(2.剽窃者,侵犯版权者)(3.非法播音的人（或组织）)(1.剽窃,非法翻印,侵犯专利)scarryingswordsandpistolsroam(1.随便走,漫步,漫游)about,patch(8.小块土地，（尤指）菜地，果园)(1.补，缝补，打补丁)esoveroneeye.SmallalienssearchforanewhomehereonEarth.Wearingacape(1.披肩；披风；短斗篷)(2.海角,岬)andmaskallowsachildtobecomeSupermanforafew(1.少许,少数)hoursandentertheworldoffantasy.Anethnic(1.种族的,部落的,民族的)flavorisintroducedasabandofgypsies(1.【医】吉普赛人)dancealongunderabrightfullmoon.OfcourseyoucanalwaysseeacertainnumberofNativeAmericancostumes,thebuckskin(1.鹿皮,硝好的羊皮)jacketsanddressesdecoratedwithfringe(3.边缘,外围)(1.(头发的)刘海)(2.(外衣,小地毯等的)饰边,毛边,穗子,流苏)andbead(2.水珠,（液体的）小滴)(1.(空心)小珠子)s.更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40Someyoungsterschoosetodecorateonlytheirfaceswithgrease(1.动物油脂)paintinsteadofwearingmasks.Inmanywaysthisissaferforachild,makingvisibility(1.能见度，视程，可见度，能见距离)clearer.Atthesametimeamaskallowsthemtoremainanonymous(2.匿名的)(3.没有特色的)toallbuttheirclosestfriends.Usually,onthenightbeforeHalloween,familymembersgathertogethertocarveapumpkin.OnHalloweennightthecandlelit(1.(light的过去式和过去分词))faceofthepumpkinshinesfromeachhomewelcomingthelittleghostsandgoblin(1.小妖精,丑妖精)stocall.Parentsusuallyescort(1.护送者,护卫队;护航舰,护航飞机)(1.护送;护卫)smallchildrenaroundtheirownneighborhoodhelpingtokeepthemsafe.Smallchildrenonlyvisitrandom(1.随意的,任意的,无计划的,未经事先考虑的,胡乱的)(2.(统计)随机的)houses,theirparent'sfriendsmostly,whileolderchildrenknockateverydoor.Crowdingontothefrontporch(1.门廊)ofthehousethechildrenrapatthedoorandchant(1.吟颂,咏唱)therefrain(1.抑制;克制;戒除)(1.(诗歌的)叠句,副歌)(2.经常重复的评价（或抱怨）)“trick(2.计谋,诡计,花招)(1.哄骗;欺骗)ortreat”.Householde(1.住户,户主)rsdistribute(1.分配,分给)(3.分销)candies,apples,peanuts,oranyedible(1.可以吃的,可食用的,适宜食用的,（无毒而）可以吃的)treatintodecoratedwoodensixquart(1.夸脱(液体或固体的容积单位))basket(2.一篮，一筐，一篓（的量）)s,orplasticbags.Theymaybeaskedtorecite(1.背诵)(1.详述;列举)apoem(1.诗,韵文)orsingasongbeforereceivingtheirtreat(3.探讨,讨论,论述)(1.款待,招待；(东道主提供的)款待；请客；宴请)(2.乐事,乐趣；难得的乐事；快乐的事情)(4.把…看作)(1.对待,看待).Someluckychildrenmayreceivecookiesfromafreshly(5.清新地；凉爽地)bakedbatch(3.（食物、药物等的）一批生产的量)ofchocolatechip(1.碎片)cookies.Onarrivinghomethechildrenwilldumpallthejunkcandyoutontothefloortoexaminetheirloot(1.掠夺物,战利品)(3.赃物；被盗物).Usuallythereisagreatracket(3.敲诈,勒索,诈骗,非法勾当)(2.吵闹声)(1.(网球等)球拍)asbrothersandsisterscomparewhatgoodiestheyhavecollected.Adults,too,liketojoininHalloweencelebrationsbyattendingsmallhousepartiesorlargegroupgatheringsathall(2.礼堂,会堂;大厅)(4.走廊)(3.食堂;宿舍)(7.教学大楼，科研大厦；(大学的)学生宿舍)(8.[常作H-]公共大建筑物，大会堂，展览馆)(9.(团体、机关的)办公大楼，本部；会馆)sorarenas.Theymayplaytheoldtraditionalgamessuchasbob(3.轻敲,轻打)(6.（女式）齐短发型)(10.轻敲,轻打)(1.行屈膝礼)bingforapples,whichfloatintub(1.盆,桶)(3.浴盆)(5.（塑料或纸的）饭盒，食品盒)sofwater,tellingghoststoriesandvisitingahauntedhouse.Everyoneseemstogetenjoymentfrombeingslightlyafraid.Ifyouliveinthecountrythehoot(1.(使)作汽笛声响,作汽车喇叭声)(1.猫头鹰叫声;汽笛响声;汽车喇叭声)(2.表示蔑视不满的叫喊,冷笑)ingofanowl(1.猫头鹰)oreventhehowl(1.嗥叫)(1.嗥叫,咆哮)ofawolfunderline(1.在…下面画线;画底线标出)(2.加强,强调,突现)sthespooky(1.使人想到鬼的;吓人的)atmosphere(1.大气,大气层,大气圈)(2.空气)(3.气氛,环境，氛围)ofHalloweenevening.Cloudsscuttle(1.天窗)(1.使船沉没)(1.快跑,急走)acrossthefaceofthemoonandtheflap(2.轻拍)(2.振（翅）)(2.拍打,拍击)ofabird'swingscanbeheardasitsettlesonthebarebranch(1.树枝,枝条)(4.衍生，派生(from))(2.分岔)esofatree.Eyesgleam(1.(使)闪烁,(使)闪亮)(1.闪光,闪亮)inthenightasablackcatcrossesyourpath(1.小路,小径)(3.行动计划；成功的途径)(2.路线,途径,路径,轨迹).Batsswoop(1.俯冲,猛冲)(1.猛扑;突然下降)aboutinthedarkstartling(1.令人震惊的,惊人的)thosewhoarenervous.Onthiseveningitisnotnecessarytobeextravagant(1.奢侈的；挥霍的；铺张浪费的)(2.(想法或言行)无节制的;过分的;放肆的;不切实际的)tohaveagoodtime.AlittleimaginationandasenseoffunwillcreateamemoryofHalloweennightformanyyears.（751words）更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40UNIT3GardeningOneofthequietjoysoflifeinthesouthernpartofOntario,Canada,isgardening.Whetherpursuedasahobbyorsolelytoimprovetheestheticvalueofone'shome,thepleasurederivedisonlyexceededbythetherapeuticbenefit.Theexerciseinvolvedinworkinginagardenishelpfulinkeepingpeopleingoodphysicalcondition.Ithasbecomearitualforhomeownerstospendlatewinterweekendsbrowsingthroughseedcatalogueswhilesittingontheircouch.Theymakelistsofitemstheywishtopurchaseandoftenmakenotationsrightonthecatalogueastheymakedecisionsaboutthisyear'sgarden.Iftheyorderearly,thereisusuallyadiscountcoupon,allowingapercentageofthecosttobedeductedfromtheprice.Oftenthecouponneedstobedetachedfromthecatalogueandmailedtothecompanyalongwiththeorder.Thisisanextrabonusfortheconsumer.Theinvestmentcostrequiredisnominalwhentheamountofpleasuregeneratedisconsidered.Theseedcompanieswillusuallywarranttheplants,andoftenarefundisofferediftheplantsdonotthrive.Theshipmentfromtheseedcompany'swarehouseisawaitedwitheageranticipation.Itsappearancemeansthatspringwillsoonarrive.Theglossypagesofthecataloguesprovideapreviewofthevisualdelightsthatcanbegrown.Picturesshowanarrayofflowersthatdazzletheeye.Therearemonochromaticdisplaysaswellasothersthatareafusionofthecompletespectrumoftherainbow'scolors.Alsoincludedinthepublicationarepicturesanddescriptionsofvegetables,shrubs,andtrees.Avidgardenerssubscribetomagazinesthatspecializeinarticlesandadsaboutthisenjoyablepastimeandpeopleliterallyreadeachissuefromcovertocover.Descriptionsofplantsincludeimplicitinstructionsonwhethertoplanttheminsunorshade.Specificationastotheamountofirrigationrequiredisalsostated.Elaborateirrigationsystemsaresometimesinstalledoratrenchforimprovingthewaterflowisused.Controlsareneededonirrigationsystemsbecauseifthegroundbecomestoosaturatedthesoilinthegardenwillbetoomuddytoallowanyonetoworkinituntilitdriesout.Ifthereistoomuchwaterconstantly,thegardenwillbecomeaswampandimpossibletocultivate.(Manypeopleliketopreservethenaturalhabitatofbirdsandwildlifeinamarsh.Theseareasareusuallyprotectedbythegovernmentandalthoughimportanttoourenvironment,arenotconsideredgardens.)Geographiclocationisimportantforplants.Certainplantsareonlysuitableforpropagationclosetotheequator.Othersneedtobeseveraldegreesoflatitudeawayfromtheequator.Longitudeisalsoafactorandmostcompaniesclearlystatetheconditionsthatwillprovidetheoptimumchancesfortheplantssurvival.CanadiansgrowtulipsimportedfromHollandandtheydowellintheSouthernOntarioclimate.BecauseitislatespringbeforeplantscansurviveoutdoorsinSouthernOntario,itiscommonforpeopletostarttheirplantsindoors.Seedsareplantedinsmallcontainersandcontinuetogrowindoorsuntiltheappropriatesizeisachieved.Sometimesultravioletlightisusedtoencourageplantgrowth.Whenthemercuryrisesandthedangeroffrostispast,theplantsarethentransplantedtothegardenortoaflowerbed.Plantsarenourishedfromthesoil,buttoprovideoptimumfood,fertilizercanbeappliedtoencouragevigorousgrowth.Sometimesfertilizerisdilutedwithwaterwhileotherkindsaredispersedwithaspreaderthatflingsthefertilizergranulesinasmallradiusaroundtheplants.Thewatersolublefertilizerwillthenbeabsorbedintothesoilthenexttimeitrains.Justaspeopleneedminerals,suchascalciumandzinc,tobehealthy,plantsalsoneedmineralsbutphosphorousandnitrogenarebetterfoodforthem.更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40Somegardenersplantheirgardenwithmeticulousattentiontodetail.Theychoosecolorsthatwillcomplementeachotheranddesigntheirgardenasiftheywerepaintingonacanvas.Othersaremorespontaneousandsimplyvisitanurseryandpurchaseplantsthatappealtothem.Oftengardenershaveatrademarkplantthatistheirspecialty.Perhapstheyenjoythevelvettextureoftheleaves,ormaybetheflower'scolorattractsthem.Thevarietiesofgardensareendless.Terracegardeninghasbecomepopular.Withaherbalgarden,cooksenjoybeingabletousefreshherbsfromtheirgardentoaddzesttotheirfavoritedishes.Theysimplyvisittheirgardenandclipafewpiecesoftheherbtheywishtouse.Everygardenisasindividualasitsowner.Gardenscomeinallshapesandsizes.Someareintheshapeofarectangle,whileothersarecircularorirregularinshape.Somegardenersliketheappearanceofanasymmetricalshapewhileothersworktoachievesymmetryintheirgardens.Forvegetablegardens,themostpopularshapeisrectangularandvegetablesareusuallyplantedinalinearfashion.Thismethodmakesiteasiertocultivatebetweentherowsofplants.Youcouldmistakesomegardensforameadowwhenthegardenerchoosestoincludeonlywildflowersasachoiceofvegetation.Includingapondinagardenispopulartoo.Entrepreneursarealwayslookingforinnovationsandgadgetsthatwillattracttheattentionofdevotedgardenersandinducethemtospendtheirmoney.Ithasbecomeahugeindustryinthelastfewyears,asthebabyboomersreachretirementageandhavemoretimetopursuehobbiessuchasgardening.Therearenewproductspatentedeveryyeartotemptthegardener.Itispossibletobuyakitthatcontainsacompletesetoftoolsneededbythehomegardener.Unfortunately,oftenthequalityispoorandtheproductisafraud.Insteadofhavingsomethinggoodtoworkwith,thepurchaseturnsouttobejunk.Ifyouwanttoflatteragardener,andboosttheiregoatthesametime,summonupthecouragetosimplyaskifyoucanswapplants.Ofcourse,itwillgivethemathrillifyoualsocomplimentthemonthehardinessoftheirplantsascomparedtoyours.Theymighteventrytoconsoleyouonyourlackofcompetenceasagardenerbecauseyourplantsarenotassturdyastheirplants.Irrespectiveofthecompetenceofthegardener,anyonewhoaugmentsthenumberofplantsgrownishelpingtoconserveourplanetbyavertingerosion.Thispaysgreatdividendsforeveryoneasitalsoservestoprotecttheozonelayer.Somepeopleerectbarricadestokeepsmallanimalsfromattackingtheplants.Squirrelslovetodigupflowerbulbs.Theyfindthematastytreat.Itiscommontoseeceramicfixturesorfigurinesinagarden.Eventheuntrainedeyecantellthattheimitationsareafake,yetproperlyplaced,theyaddtotheintrinsicbeauty.Araingauge,attachedbyabrackettoafence,isacommonsightandisusedtoenablethegardenertodiagnosethemoisturelevelofthesoilaroundtheplantsanddetermineiftheyneedmorewater.Ifnaturedoesnotprovideenoughrain,thenthegardenerwilluseaplasticorrubberhosetoprovidemoreirrigation.Withatwistofaknob,orbymovingalever,thethirstoftheplantsformoisturecanbequenched.Whatgreaterpleasure,thantoworkinyourgardenandasyoucliptheovergrownplantsbacktosizeorprunebranchesoffruittrees,hearthebuzzofbees?Youknowthattheyareenjoyingyourgardenastheyextractthepollenfromtheblooms.Yourelishthefeelingthatyouareonewithnature.Thehumofinsectsastheysharethegardenismorepleasurablethanmusicfromastereoorasymphonytoadevotedgardener.Inaddition,thescentoftheflowersisanintegralpartofthejoyofspendingtimeworkinginagarden.Theironyofthesituationisthatnaturesometimesconspiresagainstthegardener,andahailstormcanriddlebeautifulplants,shreddingtheirleavesinminutes.Hurricanescanuprooteventhelargest更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40treesalthoughthisisaneventthatseldomoccursinSouthernOntario.Tornadoesaremorelikelyinthisarea.Parasitescanattackplantsandthreatentheirsurvival.Anynumberofthingscanbecomeaplague.Itisoftendifficulttodiscernexactlywhatitisthatisdestroyingthepreciousplants.Anynumberofcomplicationscanshatterthegardener'sdreamofsurpassinglastyear'saccomplishment.Anauthenticgardenerwillnotbroodaboutthedisappointmentforlong.Evenasthedisasterisoccurring,youmightoverhearthegardenermurmur“There'salwaysnextyear.”（1459words）更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40UNIT4ACanadianFamilyStoryMystorybeginsinNewfoundlandwheremybrotherandIwerebornduringtheSecondWorldWar.TheislandofNewfoundland,whichwasoriginallyaBritishcolony,becamethenewestprovinceofCanadain1949,thesameyearthatthePeople'sRepublicofChinawasborn.OurmotherwasbornandraisedinNewfoundland.DuringtheWar(WorldWarII),sheworkedinSt.John's,thecapitalcity,whereshemetayoungCanadiansailorfromOntario.HewasamemberofthecrewofaRoyalCanadianNavyshipthatwaspartofoneoftheconvoysthatescortedsupplyshipsacrosstheAtlanticOceantoEuropeduringthewar.Theyfellinloveandsubsequently,gotmarried.Therestishistory,sotospeak.OurfamilymovedtoOntarioinlate1945,justafterthewarended.In1999,actingonimpulse,mybrotherandIdecidedtotakeourmothertoNewfoundlandforavisit.Ithadbeenalmostfiftyyearssincewehadlastvisitedourmother'soutport(remoteorveryruralislandvillage)whereshegrewup.Itwasalsothe50thanniversaryofNewfoundland'sbecomingpartofCanada.In1950,Iwassixandmybrotherwasfivewhenwelastvisitedourmother'schildhoodhome.Atthattime,Ireland'sEyewasavibrant,quaintfishingvillagehuggingtherockyshoreofasmall,enclosedharbour.Therewasnoelectricity.Therewerenoroads,noautomobiles,andfewsignsofautomationofanytype.Therewereoillampsandwoodstovesinthehomesandmerefootpathsbetweentheaggregateofsmallcommunitiesonthehillyisland,alsonamedIreland'sEye.Wecanstillseeandheartheinboardmotorboats,puttputting(soundofengines)intotheharbour,haulingtheirday'scatchoffish.Theimageofhardyfishermenwithpitchforkshoistingandtossingthecodfishuptothestiltedplatformsfromthebowelsoftheboatsisstillquitevivid.Thearomaofsalted,dryingcodfish,lingersstill.WhatIrememberbest,ofalmosthalfacenturyago,wasgoingoutwithmyUncleFredinhisboattofish.Thatparticularday,wewerehuddledtogetherandlashedtootherboats,justoutsideoftheharbour.Icanstillhearthelivelygossipbetweenmyuncleandtheotherfishermen,abovetheripplingandsplashingofthewavesagainstthehullsoftheboats.Iremembertheboatsheavingperiodically,onthehugegentlyrollingwaves.MyUncleFredhadonlyonearm,butamazingly,hecoulddoeverythingasifhehadtwohands.Hecouldevenrollacigaretteandlightit.ThesearemymemoriesofthequaintNewfoundlandglorydaysgoneby.Itwasaveryhardlifeinthoseoutports,butaliferomanticallycherishedbymostofthosewholivedit.Ourmotherwasnotfeelinguptothetripatthetimewewerereadytoleave,butinsistedthatmybrotherandIgoonthisodyssey.Wewouldlaterprovideherwithpictures,awrittenaccount,andvideotapeofthetrip.AlthoughwetouredotherpartsofNewfoundland,includinganovernightstayontheFrenchIslandsofSt.PierreandMiquilon,justoffthesouthcoastofNewfoundland,ourmainobjectivewastovisitIreland'sEye.Thisnecessitatedfindingwatertransportation.Wemanagedtoarrangeforaboattotakeusonthehalfhourtriptotheisland.Asitturnedout,themarriedcouplewhoferriedusovertotheislandwasactuallyacoupleofourdistantcousins,whomwehadnevermet.Wehadintendedtohaveourcousinsdropusoffontheislandandpickusupafewhourslater.However,eitherbecausewewerenewlyfoundcousins,ortheyweretypicallyhospitableNewfoundlanders,ortheythoughtthatmybrotherandIwouldgetlost,theywantedtostaywithus.Probablyallthreefactorsinfluencedtheirdecision.Theywereabsolutelyfabulous.TheygotcaughtupinwhatmybrotherandIweretryingtodo.Theywereveryknowledgeableabouttheislandandthepeoplewhohadoncelivedthere.Clutchinganarrativeoftheisland,writtenbyanotherofourcousins,theforgottenhistoryofthatspecialplacebecamemorecoherent更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40tothefourofus.AsweenteredIreland'sEye'ssmallharbour,whichwasguarded,byafamilyofhawksinanesthighonarockypoint,aweirdsensationcameoverus.There,infrontofus,wastheplacewevisitedfiftyyearsbefore,andaboutwhichwehadheardandreadsomuchthroughoutouradultlives.Wethought,whatanaestheticallybreathtakingsight!Theglitteringsun,onthatday,gaveeverythingapicture-postcardimage.Thiswasindeedasliceofparadise.TheruinsofafewremainingbuildingsthatdottedthehillsidesandshorelineandtheoncedominantSt.GeorgesChurchonthehillattheendoftheharbour,arousedinusanexcitingsenseofhistoryandofourheritage.Lookingoutovertheharbourfromthehillbythechurchattheextinctcommunity,revivedmemoriesoffiftyyearsbefore.Withagreaterclarityoftheknowledgeofthearea,wewalkedfromthechurchalittlefartherinlandtowhatusedtobethepostofficeandtheschoolthatourmotherattended,theskeletalshellsofwhichwerestillstandingprecariously.Fromthere,stoppingperiodicallytoeatsomeedibleberries,westruggledbehindourcousinsthroughtheheavilybrushandshrubcoveredfootpathstoBlackDuckCovetovisitthecemeterywhereourgrandmother,whomweneverknew,wasburied.Thissacredgroundwasinverybadcondition,withmanybadlycorrodedgravestonesburiedunderbrushandlonggrass.Aftersearchingforafewminutesinthemidstoftangledvegetation,wefoundourgrandmother'srestingplacebesidewhichwepaidourrespects.Itwasagoodthingthatourcousinsstayedwithus,asthefootpathsthattraversedtheisland,wereovergrownwithbrush.Itwouldhavebeenvirtuallyimpossibleformybrotherandme,towalktotheothercommunitiesontheisland.Wemadeourwaybacktothechurchonthehillanddescendedtotheboatforahalfhourboatridetotheothersideoftheisland.Sailingthroughanumberofislets,wearrivedatwhatremainsofthesmallvillageofTraytown,whereourgrandparentshadlived.There,wemetsomemorelonglostrelativesatasmallcottage.One,abitofaneccentric,whonowlivesinTorontobuttakessummerrefugeinTraytown,showedustheremnantsofwhathadoncebeenourgrandparents’house.Besidetheseruins,wasthestillflourishingclusterofwildrosebushes,plantedtheremanyyearsagobyourstepgrandmother.Alotofpeople,manywhomweremorelostcousins,continuallydroppedinorgatheredontheporchoutside.Afteracupofteaandsomemorechitchat(smalltalk)andsomecomicrelief,wemadeourdepartureforthemainland.Ontheway,wepassedotherinletswithghostcommunitiesonIreland'sEye.Toaddtotheexcitementofthatspecialday,mybrotherspottedahumpbackwhalequiteclose,betweentheboatandtheisland.OurvisittoIreland'sEyewasabittersweetexperienceforus.Ontheonehand,therewasasenseofbeingattheveryplacewhereourrelativesandancestorshadlived,workedandplayed.Ontheotherhand,therewasasenseofagonizinglossofwhatwereoncethrivingcommunitiesontheisland.Itwasdifficulttoreconcilethepastwiththepresent,afteragapoffiftyyearsofchronicdegenerationofthecommunities.Today,theareaisnotoriousforsmuggling.However,ourmissionwasinvaluableinthatwewereabletofindoutmoreaboutourselves.TheentireexpeditiontoNewfoundlandwasamajorhighlightineachofourlives.Ittuggedatouremotionsateveryturn.ThepeopleofNewfoundland,especiallythoseofgeneticconnection,couldn'tdoenoughforus.Itwasreallylikecominghome,butthen,thathasalwaysbeenthenatureofNewfoundlandcourtesy,eventonon-Newfoundlanders.ItwasreassuringtoseethattheNewfoundlandcharmhastranscendedtime.IthasenduredsomanychangessinceConfederationin1949.MybrotherandI,eternally,willbeNewfoundlandersandhopetogodownhomemoreoftenintheyearstocome.（1442words）更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40UNIT5TheFraudFlushedwithexcitement,Katesteppedintothespatialvestibuleandwasimmediatelydazzledbythescenebeforeher.Theinlaidmarblefloorpavedthewaytoacircularstaircaserisingthreelevelsaboveher.Inafountaininthecenteroftheentrywaystoodabronzedolphinbalancingonitstail,itssnoutpointedtotheloftydomed,stainedglassskylightfortyfeetabove.Amassivechandelier,luminousinthebrightsunlight,castrainbowfairiesdancingthroughthepink,green,andgoldfloralpatternsofthefloorandaroundthesnowywhitewalls.Beforeshecouldfullyappreciatethebeautyoftheintricateplasterworkdecoratingtheedgesoftheshallownichesinstalledinthewallstoframethenumerouspaintings,or,indeed,toappreciatethecanvasesthemselves,herhost,VictorStone,approached.SmallbyNorthAmericanstandards,hewasperfectlyproportioned.Slightlybaldingattheforehead,hissilverhaircurvedontothecollarofhispaleblueshirtatthenapeofhisneck.Laughingblueeyesstartledherwiththeirclarity.Astraight,aristocraticnoserosetomeethisslightlyarchedbrows.Hiscarefullymanicuredhandsboreasinglegoldpinkiering.Heheldouthishandtotakehers.“Thankyousomuchforcoming,Kate.Iamgladyoucouldmakeit,”hesaidcheerfully.Shehadnevermetthischarminglittlemanbeforeandknewhimbyreputationonly.Amonghiscontemporaries,hewasknownasashrewdentrepreneur,abletodiagnoseataglance,theprospectsofthoseseekinghisbacking.Shewasanxioustolearnwhyhehadinvitedhertocometomeethimathishome.“Thanksforaskingme.Niceplaceyouhavehere.“Shefeltstupidsayingsomethingsoabsurd,butshewas,atthatmoment,stumped.Heregowouldn'tletheradmitshe'dneverinherwholelife,beensoimpressedbyafoyer.Shehopedthathewouldrealizeshe'dhadlittleexperiencewiththeelite,takepityonher,andshowheraround.“Wouldyouliketoseemoreofthehouse?”heasked,politely.“WouldI?Youbet!”Shewashappyhegavenoindicationthathethoughtshewasnotinhisbracket.Sheleftherbriefcaseonthesetteenearthedoorandfollowedhimthroughthefoyertoastairwaytoastairwayleadingtoalowerlevelofthehouse.Theybeganthetourinthewinecellar.Aheavy,doublethickdooropenedtorevealrowuponrowofgleamingglassbottlesofvintagewines,alllyingontheirsides,cradledbythesolidoakracks.Thesteadyhumofmachinerybrokethesilenceoftheinsulatedroom.Victorexplainedthatitwasnecessarytocontroltheventilation,temperatureandhumidityofthecellartoachieveoptimumconditionsforconservingtheflavorsoftheexpensivewines.Thesmallbutluxuriousaudio-visualtheaterwasadjacenttothewinecellar.Leatherupholsteredrecliningchairswerecasuallyarrayedabouttheroom,allwithanunimpairedviewoftheretractablescreen.Thestereo,silentatthatmoment,wasstate-of-the-art,withspeakerstacticallyinstalledformaximizingsoundeffects.Blackwalnutwoodpanelingandabaffledceilingavertedthepossibilityofoverlyloudentertainmentdisturbingothersinthemansion.Slidingglassdoorsledfromthelowestlevelofthelivingareatotheenclosedkidney-shapedswimmingpool.Turquoiseandwhiteceramictilesoutlinedwithgoldcoveredthedeckarea.Pillarsofquartztoppedwithmilkglassspheresprovidedilluminationshouldanyonechoosetoswimafterdark.Achangingboothwasdiscretelyhiddenbehindascreenofornamentalfloorplantsandcascadingvines.Here,too,abaffledceilingpreventedthehollowresonanceofthepoolroomfromdisturbingothers.Atthemoment,thegamesroomwasarrangedforgambling.Anauthenticroulettewheel,acrapstablefordice,andvariouscardtablesweresetupforabenefiteveningthatwasbeingheldthefollowingnight.Checkers,chessandotherboardgamesaugmentedthegamesofchance.更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40Comfortablefurnitureandsoftlightinglentaromanticatmospheretotheterracegarden.KatehadnoticedearlierthatVictorhadaslightlimp.Astheyprogressedontheirtour,sherealizedhewasquitelameontherightsideandneededtorest.Theysattochatforafewminutes.“Howmuchdoyouknowaboutme,Kate?”heasked.“OnlywhatI'veread.AndwhatIhavediscernedinthepasthalfhour.Ithinkyouareamanwhohasmadeyourhomeintoadiversionfromtherealworld.Yourtasteisimplicit,subtle.EverythingIhaveseenhasbeenchosenwithakeeneye,nottooverwhelm,buttoinvite.Ithinkyouchoosethingsfortheirintrinsicvalue,thingsthatareestheticallypleasingtoyou.Idon'tthinktherecouldbeanimitationorafakeiteminthiswholeplace.Youloveyourhomeandenjoysharingitwithothers.AmIright?”“Youareperceptive!Come.Let’sgotothesittingroomandhaveacocktail.“Heledthewaybackintothelibrarywithitsmahoganyshelvesfilledwithleatherboundmatchedsetsoffirsteditionsandvolumesofencyclopedia.Onasturdytableunderareadinglampanilluminatedmanuscriptwithgoldmetallicpageedgingwaslyingopentodisplayitsvibrantart.Katefeltcompelledtomentionthisbeautifulpiece.HesaidanobscuremonkduringtheRenaissancehadcopiedandillustratedtheBookofRevelations.Ithadbeenquiteshabbywhenitfirstcameintohispossessionbuthehaditrestoredandplannedtodonateittoamuseum.Thedoortoapowderroomstoodajar.InsideKatenoticed,again,thecarefulattentiontodetailmanifestintherestofthehouse.Thedoorknobwashandpaintedporcelain.Theivory-coloredfixtureswereshell-shapedandgold-trimmed.Alargebowlofsweetlyscentedflowerswascenteredonthevanity.Nexttotheflowerssatapieceofhand-carvedfossilizedebony.Katewasstunnedbythesizeofthespacioussittingroom.Severalgroupingsoffurniturelentthemselvestoseatingasfewastwoguestsorasmanyasten.Here,too,ornamentalplasterworkdecoratedthewallsandceilings.Theraspberrycoloredvelvetupholsterycoveringthecouchesandchairscomplementedthepalegreenorientalcarpetsandlightlytextureddraperies.Thegold-coloredlampswiththeircreamywhiteshades,thepaintingsintheirornatealcoves,andtheopenfireplacewithfamilypicturesonthemantel,gaveKateanoverwhelmingfeelingofcomfortandpeace.Sherelishedthenoveltyandthrillofhavingbeensummonedtothisprestigiousman'shome.Thesheerbeautyoftheplacefarsurpassedherexpectations.However,shewasbecomingsuspiciousaboutthereasonforthisvisit.Nowthatshehadreceivedanorientationtohishome,andnotwithstandingherfirstimpressionsoftheman,shewasanxioustolearnwhyshewashere.Whatcouldamerereporterdoforthisrich,influentialman?Hebegantospeaksoberly,contradictinghisearlierspontaneity.“Iwilltellyouastoryyoumayhavedifficultybelieving,”hesaid,softly.“Iwasnotbornintothislifestyle.ItisironicthatthereissuchadiscrepancybetweenwhatIwasandwhatIam.MyfatherlefttheUnitedStateswhenIwasabouttwoyearsold.HeranajunkstoreintheslumsofWinnipegwhenIwasakid.Hewasavulgarmanbutheknewhowtofoolpeopleintothinkingtheywerebuyingsomethingrareorvaluable.ItwasunderhistutelagethatIlearnedtobeafraud.“Idecidedatanearlyagethatiftherewasashortcuttosuccess,Icouldbypassthecomplicationsofgettingtherebytheconventionalmethods.Iwaslikeahurricane,rushingforwardwithoutconsiderationfortherules.Ifit'sanyconsolation,Ididn'tintentionallyharmanyoneintheprocess.Iwasabletostaywithintheparametersofthelaw,butjustbarely.Iboughtandsoldusedfurniturebeforegoingintotheantiquebusiness.WhenIbought,Ialwayspaidafractionofthepotentialworthofthegoods.WhenIsold,Ialwaysmadeaprofit.Iwasabletoupgrademystockwithalmosteverytransaction.Intime,Ihadawarehousefullofmerchandise.更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40Ididn'tflattermyselfbythinkingIhadn'tmuddiedthewatersabit.IknewIhadprobablysteppedonafewtoes,butIwasonaroll.Ihadthemomentumandrejoicedinmysuccess.Aslongasthemoneykeptcomingin,anythingwaspermissible.Oneday,Ireceivedavisitfromaratherimportantpatronofthearts.Hehadaninterestingpropositionforme.Heheldthepatentandtrademarkfortheprototypeofaninnovativewaytodeterminetheageofapaintingusingultravioletlight.HewouldsellthemtomeforthenominalfeeofanickelifIwouldreciprocatebydoinghimafavor.IwastoincludeoneofhispersonalpaintingsinmynextshipmentofantiquesgoingtoNewYork.Atfirst,Ithoughthewasmockingme,buthegavemehisoaththathejustwantedtoensurethepaintingwouldarriveatitsdestinationsafely,and,becauseitwouldbeapartofanantiqueshipment,itwouldbeexemptfromimportduty.Itwasaprovocativeoffer,andeventhoughIremainedskeptical,Iagreed.Afewdayslater,acratedpaintingarrivedandwasaddedtomygoodsreadyfordeliverytoNewYork.Ihadalwayssubscribedtothetheorythatifsomethingappearedtobetoogoodtobetrue,itprobablywas.However,mygreedprevailedandthepaintingwasonitsway.Iwasunawareatthetimethatmyfortuneswereabouttogointoadownwardspiral.Mybenefactor,itturnedout,wasamanwithagrudgeagainstme.IrrespectiveofthefactthatIfeltadealwehadmadeyearsbeforehadbeenfair,hefeltIhadcheatedhim.Iwasabouttobetherecipientofhiswrath.WhenmyagentinNewYorkwenttocustomstoretrievetheshipment,hewasgreetedbyasquadofpolicewaitingtodetainhimonchargesofsmugglingcocaine.ItappearedtherewasabitofadiscrepancybetweenwhatIwastoldwasinthecrateandtheactualcontents.Thedrugswereinahiddencompartmentinthecrate.IadmititwasnaiveofmetobelieveIhadnoenemies,butIdidn'tknowanyonewouldgotothisdegreetoprovehowmuchhedespisedme.Hitherto,Ihadgonethroughlifethinkingthatwhentwopeopleagreedtoadeal,ifoneofthemgotthebetteroftheother,itwasfair,becausetheydidagree.NowIwaslearningthatifyoutakeadvantageofsomepeople,evenwiththeirpermission,youaggravatethemtoseekrevenge.Ican'trefutemyrecklessness.Almostsevenyearshaveelapsedsincethattime.Myagenttookresponsibilityforthecrimeandwenttojailforfiveyears.Ifeltguiltyashell,butIcontinuedtopayhimbysendingthemoneytohisfamily.Ievenwithheldextrainabonusaccounttogivetohimwhenhewasreleased.Ialsogaveupmybusinessandbegantohelpothersstarttheirbusinesses.Intime,theguiltIfeltsubsided.IputmyenergiesintosteppingintothebreachtohelpthoselessfortunatethanI.Tomyamazement,myluckstartedtofluctuateupwardandIflourished.Allyouseeheretoday,Ihaveaccumulatedsincethattime.Now,itseems,myenemyhasdecidedtoreclaimhispoweroverme.Hehasreportedthecrimeandtheerroneousimprisonmentofmyagentandnamedmeasthepersonresponsiblefortheoffence.Ihadneverchangedmycitizenship,sotheF.B.I.wantsmedeportedsotheycanprosecutemeinNewYork.IhopeIcaninduceyou,throughyourcolumn,totellmystory.NextweekIhavetoappearbeforeamagistrateforthepreliminaryhearing.IfI'mnotmistaken,publicpressuremightenablemetoavoiddeportationatleast.Iammorelikelytogetafairtrialherethanthere.MyrecordasagoodcitizenmayoffsettheperceptionthatImaybeacriminal.Whatdoyouthink?Willyouhelp?Katehadlistenedtothissynopsisinsilencebutheroutragewasbuilding.Whilehisstoryseemedplausible,thispleaforherassistancedidn'tquitefit.Withhisfinancialresources,hecouldhirethebestlegalteaminthecountry.Sherealizedshehadtodetachherselffromherfirstimpressionsandextractfactfromfiction.Whydidn'tshebelievehim?Suddenly,itcametoher.Expositionofthis更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40versionofVictor'stalewouldnotonlygainhimpublicsympathy,itwouldinvalidateanytestimonyagainsthim.Nothingcouldconstrainherwhensherealizedshehadliterallybeentakeninbyhisstory.“Ifyouwereinnocent,whyweren'tyouthedefendant?Ifyouwereinnocentallthoseyearsago,whydidyouragentgotoprisonforyou?Whydidittakesolongforyourenemytoturnyouin?Thestatuteoflimitationsforthatoffencehasexpired.Ibelievethishasbeenapatheticattempttogetmetomediateyourcaseinthepress.Ithinkyouhavealwaysbeenanintegralplayerinthecriminalworldandyourpasthascaughtupwithyou.Mycardinalsinwasallowingmyselftobereeledinbyyourtalesofwhatamodelcitizenyouare.“Katecouldfeelherselfgettingdizzyandlight-headed,surprisedbytheaudacityshehad,talkingtoanyoneinthatmanner.Beforeshelostcompletecontrol,shewouldhavetogetoutofthere.Shestood,turned,andmarchedtowardthedoor.Asshebegantoopenthefrontdoor,shelookedback.Victorstoodbesidehischair,paleandshaken.“Youadmittedyouwereafraudinyouryouth.Youarestillafraud!Iwillwriteyourstory...myversion!Myguessisthattheeventualverdictwillbe‘guilty’!”（2402words）更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40UNIT6ThePastureNightsettled,thickwiththeacridodorsofgunpowderandblood.Nomoonmeantfiringatmuzzleflashes,aninexactmethodbywhichtocombatone'sfoe,buttheenemyhadnoadvantageeither.Withartilleryfireblanketingthefieldofbattle,JackhadnoopportunitytogotoMike'said.HepokedhisheadovertherimofthetrenchtoseeifhecouldspotMike'scorpse.Heknewhewasdead.Hehadheardhisscreamofpainwhenhewashit.Hisagonizedmoanshadgrownweakerandlessfrequentandfinallyceasedabouttenminutesago.Theregimenthadbeenunderheavybombardmentfortwodays,withoutrespite.HehadbeentoolatetostopMikeashepropelledhimselfoutofthefoxholeandstaggeredashehitthemuddyterrain.Inhindsight,heshouldhaveseenitcoming.Mikehadstartedtobreakyesterday.Hewasbecomingbizarre,talkingabouthispatrioticdutytoexpeltheenemyfromtheseshores.Paradoxically,justbeforehehoppedovertheedgeofthetrenchhescornedthedayhehadheededthecalltoenlist.Itpainedhimtorealizethathisonefriendinthisungodlywarhadbetrayedhimbydying.Soldiersdon'toftenmakefriendswithoneanother,knowingtheymightdie.HeandMikeweredifferent.Theyhadknowneachothersincetheywerechildren.MikewasthebestmanwhenJackandLilywalkeddowntheaislejustaweekbeforetheyleftthedockandcrossedthechanneltoengagetheenemy.Cloudstumbledandoverlappedoneanotherasthewindbegantofreshen.Itwasgettingcoldernow.Theprospectofanothernightofrain,orperhapsevensnow,madeJackquiverwithdread.Bloodtingedwaterwasbeginningtocrustoverwithice.Hecouldfeelhistoesandfingersstiffenasthetemperaturedropped.MaybeMikewasbetteroffthanhe.Atleastthecoldwouldn'tbotherhimanymore.Suddenly,cometsoflightbegantostreakacrossthenightsky.Theywereusingflares!Theincreasedtempoofcannonfirecomingfromtheleftflank,shatteringtheeartharoundthem,couldonlymeantheenemyhadsensedtheirweakness,andwascominginforthekill.Theywereheadingstraightfortheunderbelly!Jack’sriflemisfired.Thewholecorpshadbeenissuednewgunsafewdaysbeforethiscampaignhadstarted.Itwasn'tlongbeforetheydiscoveredthatthealloyusedinthebarrelscouldn'tendureprolongedfiring,causingtheshellcasingstoadhereinthebore.Howcouldherepeltheenemywithoutaweapon?Jackfeltastabofpaininhisrightthigh.Thegroundaroundhimruptured.Jerkingfromsidetoside,hetriedtododgefallingrocksandtheclodsofdirtrainingdownuponhim.Heslumpedintoapronepostureashefelthimselfshovedfrombehindbyanunknownforcethatfeltasifitmighthavebeenaracinglocomotive.Thelastthingheheard,beforehisworldwasoverturned,wasachorusofscreams.“AmIdead?WhereamI?Whereiseverybody?”Cognitively,Jackrealizedhewasstillfunctioningphysiologicallysothatmeanthewasstillalive,butforhowlong?Hecouldn'tmove.Maybetheimpacthadfracturedhisspineandhewasparalyzed.Hetried，analytically，toassessthedamageincurredbymovinghislimbs,onebyone,inaclockwisedirection,startingwithhisrightarm.Everythingappearedabletobemobilizedbutforsomereasonhecouldn'tgetupofftheground.Everythingwentblackagain.Jackledhishorsebythereinsastheysteppedontotheoverpassbridgingthegapbetweentheplateaus.Inthedistance,hecouldseeatwelvepointbuckgrazinginthepasture,silhouettedagainstthewaningsunset.Outofnowhere,abullcamechargingacrossthemeadowtowardhim.Hetried更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40torunbuthisfeetwerepeggedtothebridge.Driftinginandoutofconsciousness,Jacktriedtomakesenseofwhathadhappenedtohim.Heseemedtobeinacavityundertheground.Theearthwascompactedonhislegsbuthethoughthemightbeabletorotatehisbodyenoughtomakehimselfalittlemorecomfortable.Wasthatashaftoflighthecouldseethroughthegroovebetweenthefingersofhislefthandcoveringhiseyes?Hegropedtoclearatinybitmorespaceforhimself.Theshuttersofhisconsciousnessclosedagain.ThegalaxywasbeingprobedbylunarmodulesshuttlingbetweenEarthandtheotherplanets.Asamemberofafederationofgeologists,Jackandhisteamhadtofollowtheseamoforetoitssource,apastureonadistantasteroid.Onceagain,Jackregainedlucidity.“Wow,”hethought,“thatwaslikeabadpaperbacknovelaboutastronomy!”Hesniffedtheair.Itwasfoulwiththesmellofdeathbutqualitativelyabletosustainlife.Whywasitsoquiet?Washedeaf?Wasthebattleover?Waseveryonedead?Theweightonhislegswasbecomingoppressive.Lilylaybackinthesoft,greengrassofthepasture.Whitedaisies,goldenbrown-eyedSusans,pricklyblueviper'sbugloss,andfrillyQueenAnne'slacesurroundedher.Shebeckonedtohimfromwhatseemedlikemilesaway.Hehikedthroughthegrasscallinghername.Shebegantostrollawayfromhimintothedistance.Hehadtoreachher!Helovedherso!Iftheycouldn'tmarry,hewouldmakeherhismistress!Nothingcouldextinguishtheflameofhislove!Hewouldclingtothatuntilhisdyingday.LyingstationarywastakingitstollonJack'scirculation.Hisfeetandhandswerenumb.Somethingwasticklinghisnose.Hemanagedtotiltawayfromtheirritant,whateveritwas.Hewassothirsty!Hetriedtolubricatehislipswithsalivabuthadnone.Hisbladderfeltlikeaseparateentitythatwouldoverflow.Hecouldstalltheurgetovoidnolongerandallowedtheurinetoflowoutofhim.Whatdiditmatternow?Hewasasgoodasdeadanyway.Thefortstoodinthecenterofthepasture.Amoatfilledwithsharksprotecteditswallsfromanypossibleintruders.Jackpedaledhisbicycleasfastashecould.Thesharkswhippedbackandforthsoquicklytheycreatedfoamonthesurfaceofthewater.Hehadtocrossthedrawbridgebeforeitwasraised,segregatinghimfromhisregimentandhispregnantwife,Lily.Shesawhimapproachingandskippedontothebridgetogreethim.Thebridgewasrising.Thesharkswereinfrenzy!Herodeasifthehoundsofhellwereafterhim.Hehadtoreachher!Hisrightarmwaswedgedagainstarock.Nomatterhowhardhetried,hecouldn'twrenchitfree.Thiswasgettingtiresome.Hefeltastitchinhisrightside.That'sallheneedednowtodiefromarupturedappendix!Hehadwriggledenoughtoincreasethesizeoftheslotinwhichhewastrapped.Werethosevoiceshewashearing?Hewasn'tdeaf!Whenhefoughthiswaytothesurfaceofconsciousnessonceagain,hewasbeingcarriedonalitterovertheinvertedbattlefield.Bodieswerestrewneverywhere.Thestretcher-bearersstumbledovertheroughgroundbutmaintainedcontroloftheirhumancargoastheymadetheirwaytothefieldhospital.ThefuseleadingtothedynamiteinthesternoftheoiltankerburnedsorapidlythatJackknewtheshipwouldexplodebeforehecouldreachthehatchtoextinguishtheflame.Theolivegreenshipwasalmostwithinhisreachwhenitblewup.Hefeltasifhewereonagrill.Hisfacewasaflame.Hisbodyfeltasiftheskinhadbeenrippedfromit.Hewantedtodiebeforethepaingrewworse.Hisforeheadfeltcool.Heopenedhiseyesslowly,painfully.Awhite-cladnursespongedhisfacegently.Asshebecameawareofhisgaze,shestoppedherministrationsandofferedhimasipofwater.“Takeiteasy,”shewhispered.“Youmustn'tdrinktooquickly.Toomuch,toofastwillgiveyounastycramps.更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40“Jackwasawareofbandagesonhismusculararmsandcastsonbothlegs.Intravenoustubingcarriedaclearfluidintohisveins.Consciousnesswasstilltransient.Dreamsofastrangepasturemingledwithrealityandcontinuedtohaunthissleep.Heunderstoodhewasonahospitalward,butwhere?Andhowdidhegethere?Theprettyyoungnursewasback.“Wecabledyourwife.Sheknowsyouwereinjuredbutareonthemend.“Howdidtheyfindme?”Jackasked.“Apatrollookingforsurvivorsfoundyouburiedinthefoxhole.Youwerecalling‘Lily!’Theystarteddiggingandthereyouwere.Youwerestabilizedatthefieldhospitalbeforetheycouldbringyouhere.WescrubbedyouupandstartedtoyouwithI.V.therapy.Youwereverydehydratedandsufferingfromurinaryretentionandrenalfailure.Yourkidneysmayneverfunctionnormallyagain.Thegoodnewsisthatyousurvived,”sheexplained.AstraystrandofhairfellacrossJack'scheekhidingthetearsthatcreptfromhiseyes.Hewasgratefultohavehislifeback.Hesilentlysalutedhisfriend.Mikehadn'tbeensolucky.ThecablefromLilyarrivedthenextday.“WehaveasonstopBorn05Dec.stopHealthystopNamedhimMichaelstopIloveyou.LilystopP.S.DadboughtthepastureanddeededittoMichael.”（1630words）更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40UNIT7TheDecisionDr.Samsaidtome:“Idon'tknowhowtosaythis,excepttocomerightoutwithit,Miriam.Thetestswedidlastweekshowthatthereareabnormalitieswiththefetus.Irecommendyouconsideranabortion.”Isat,handsfoldedtogetherinmylap,numbedbyhiswords.”TheworldaroundmedisappearedasIstrovetoabsorbthedreadfulnewsDr.Samwasgivingme.Hisvoicecametomeasifspokeninatunnel,hollowandechoing.Couldthisbetrue?Thebabyinsideme,themiraclecreatedbylove,wasn'tperfect!“YourbabyhasaconditionknownasDown'sSyndrome.Theproblemsyouwillfaceifyoudon'tterminatethispregnancycouldbeoverwhelming,especiallynowthatPaulisnolongerwithyou.“HereIwas,thirtynineyearsold,pregnantforthefirsttime,andmydoctor,mytrustedfriend,wastellingmeIshouldkillthisinnocentlifeinmywomb.IknewIhadtorespondbutwordsescapedme.Finally,Iwasabletospeak.“Ineedsometimetoconsidermyoptions.”Withallthathashappenedinthepastmonthandahalf,Idon'twanttodoanythingwithoutknowingallIcanaboutthis.“Youdon'thavelong,Miriam.”Youareelevenweeksalongandit'sdangeroustoperformanabortionaftertwelveweeks,trynottoprolongyourdecision.“It'stoomuchformetogetmyheadaroundrightnow.”Ineedtothink.IpromiseI’llgetbacktoyouinadayorso.“Ilefttheofficeinadaze.”WhatwasIgoingtodo?WherewouldIbegin?Who,besidesDr.Sam,wouldbeabletoadviseme?Myparentswereontheothersideoftheworld,teachinginChina.IfeltthatifIcouldtalktoMom,heldinhercomfortingarms,shewouldgivemesomeofherwisdom.IfIcouldbeface-to-facewithDad,hewouldgivemestrength.TheywereallIhadleftinmyworld.Myhusband,Paul,hadbeenkilledinatrafficaccidentsixweeksago.MomandDadhadgonebacktoChinaaweekafterthefuneral,whentheythoughtIwasabletocopewithmyloss.Therewasnowheretoturn.Ihadtofacereality.ThiswasadecisionIwouldmakeonmyown.IneededtogatheralltheinformationIcouldaboutDown'ssyndrome.Iwastednotime.Iwenttothelibrarytobeginmyresearch.Thestepstothefuturewereinmyhands.ThefirstmedicaljournalIchoseexplainedthecausesofDown'ssyndrome.Normally,eacheggandspermcellcontains23chromosomes,and,whentheyunite,23pairsor46intotal.Occasionally,anaccidentoccurswhentheeggorspermcellisforming,creatinganextrachromosomenumber21.ThisextrachromosomeresultsinthefeaturesofDown'ssyndrome.Inthepast,thisdisorderwascalled“Mongolism”becauseofthefacialcharacteristicsincludingslantedeyesandasmall,flattenednasalbridge.Itisacommongeneticbirthdefectaffectingaboutonein800to1000birthswhenthemotheris30yearsofage.TheoddsofmyhavingaDownsyndromeincreasedtoonein100becauseIwasinmyfortiethyear.Thereisnocureforthisdisorder.Neitheristhereanyprevention.Mychildwouldbedevelopmentallyandphysicallyretardedtoagreaterorlesserdegree.Shecouldhavenumeroushealthproblems.Itwasunlikelyshewouldevermarryandherhavingchildrenwasoutofthequestion.Herlifeexpectancycouldbeaslittleas55years.PaulandIhadbeenmarriedfortenyearsandhadalwaysregrettedthefactthatIhadbeenunabletoconceive.Afterhedied,Iattributedmynausea,vomitingandlethargytomygrief,neversuspectingthatImightbepregnant.PoorPaulwouldneverknowthatwewouldhaveachildtogether.ThisthoughtalonewaswhatmademerealizethatIwouldn'tbeabletohaveanabortion,nomatterwhatobstaclesmightbeaheadofus.更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40IwaitedadaybeforecallingDr.Samtoinformhimofmydecision.Ihadtobesure!“Miriam,IthinkIknowwhyyouwanttogothroughwiththispregnancy,butareyouawareoftherisks?”“Iknowmybabywillbedifferent.Iknowshemaybementallyandphysicallyretarded.Shemayhavedevelopmentaldifficultiesandproblemswithsocialacceptance.IdorecognizethatIamgoingtohavetoamendalmosteveryfacetofmylife.Iampreparedtodothat.ThisismyfinalgiftfromPaulandIamdeterminedtogothroughwiththis!”“Ithoughtyouwouldfeelthatway.Youhavemyutmostadmirationandsupport.IwillfollowyourpregnancycarefullybutIwantyoutoseeaspecialistinbirthdefects.IwillreferyoutoDr.Brownandwouldlikeyoutomakeanappointmentwithherassoonaspossible,”hesaid.IknewthenthatIhadmadetherightchoice.Mypregnancywasnotwithoutitshardships,frommorningsicknesstoswollenankles,butIhadnodoubtsaboutthedecisionIhadmade.Myparents,whenItoldthemwhatwasgoingonwithme,expressedtheirconcernsbutalsotheirconfidenceinmydecisionandassuredmetheywouldbetherewhenIdeliveredmybaby.Paulawasbornonabright,cloudless,warmTuesdaymorninginMay.Iwaspreparedtoseeared,wrinkled,squallinginfant.Instead,Isawverylittle.Becauseoftherisksinvolved,PaulawasdeliveredbyCaesariansection.ThedoctorsandnursesrushedherintoanincubatortoassessherbeforeIcaughtaglimpseofher.Icouldseemyparentsontheothersideoftheoperatingroomwindow,questionsintheireyes.Whatwasgoingon?Thenurseskeptmecomfortableandtriedtoalleviatemyfearsbuthalfanhourpassedbeforeourquestionswereanswered.Mydaughterhadasevereheartdefect.Itcouldbecorrectedthroughsurgerybutnotuntilshegainedalittleweightandstrength.Iunderstoodinthatmomentthatmylifehadchangedforever.Idemandedtoseeherimmediately,andassoonasIdid,Ifellinlove.Thismostpreciousofallgiftswasgoingtosurvivetheobstaclesaheadofherwithmyhelp.Iknewinaninstantthatallmystrength,love,andmonetaryresourceswereathercommand.Nothingshewanted,needed,orevendreamedof,wouldeverbedenied.Theheartsurgerytocorrectaflawedvalvewasaresoundingsuccess.Fortunately,thecommondefectsoccurringinamajorityofDown'ssyndromechildrenwereabsentinPaula.Shehasnointestinalmalformations,hearingimpairment,orseverevisualproblems.Wearetrulyblessed.Myparentsadorethisexceptionalgrandchild.Theirexpertiseinteaching,nurturing,andparentinghasbeensowelcome.Ialwaysknewtheywerethereforme;nowtheyarethereforus.Iamawareofthesympatheticlooksfromstrangerswhodon'tknoworunderstandthedisorderafflictingmychild.Theirpity,forwhattheyascertainasmyplight,ismisplacedbutunderstandable.IamsurethatI,too,feltsorryforparentsofwhatIthoughtofasimperfectchildren.Paulaisadelightfulchild.Herphysicaldefectsareapparent;thereisnodoubtsheisdifferentfromotherchildren.However,shegoestoschoolwithotherchildrenherage;shetakeslongertolearnthingsandhastoworkharder,butsheisachievingallthemilestonesofgrowingchildren.Raisingherisachallenge,asistheraisingofanychild.Itisn'teasyanditwon'tgeteasier.Asshegrowsanddevelops,therewillbequestionstoanswer,hurdlestocross,andgoalstoreach.Paulaisdifferent.Sheisawarethatsheis.Itdoesn'tdismayher.Shegreetseachdaywithasmileonherlipsandasparkleinhereye.DoIeverhavedoubtsaboutmydecision?No!MyonlyregretisthatPaulisn'theretosharemyjoyinourwonderfuldaughter.（1391words）更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40UNIT8Chinese-AmericanRelations:AHistory(I)TheNineteenthCenturytoWorldWarIITheNineteenthCenturyInthe19thcentury,theUnitedStateswasarelativenewcomertotheareaofinternationalaffairs.RelationswithChinareallybegan,notsosubtly,inthe19thcenturywithitsdiscriminatoryimmigrationpolicyagainstChina.TheGoldRushof1849inCalifornia,thebuildingofrailroads,andtheAmericanindustrialrevolutionofthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,attractedmanyChineseimmigrantswithdreamsofthegoodlifeinAmerica.Atthattime,itwasperceivedbymostoftheworld,thatAmericawasthelandofopportunity,success,andwealth.AstheChinesepopulationintheUnitedStatesgrewinsize,pressurestolimitthenumberofthesecomingintotheUnitedStatesbecamestrong.Laws,suchasplacingapolicetaxonChinesepeopleinCaliforniain1862andTheChineseExclusionActpassedin1882,officiallytestifiedtoblatantdiscriminationagainstChinesepeople.Thelatterfeltforcedtocongregateinareasofbigcities,suchasSanFrancisco,NewYork,andBoston.ChinatownsoonbecamepartofAmericanurbanvocabulary.ItseemedthatthetimidChineseweresusceptibletobeingpushedaround.ItappearedthatChineseandotherOrientalimmigrantswerenotwelcomewithopenarms,butwerewelcomeonlywhenhardlabourwasneededtodothetoughestjobs,especiallyinrailroadconstructionandinthenewindustriesthatwerefastdevelopingatthetime.Itwouldbewellintothe20thcenturybeforesuchdiscriminatorylawswouldbesuspended.TheEarlyTwentiethCenturyDuringthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,theUnitedStateswaspreoccupiedwithacivilwarandapostcivilwarindustrialrevolution.AmericanforeignpolicywithChinadidnotreallytakeformuntil1899and1900.Bytheturnofthecentury,theUnitedStateswasascendingasamajorplayerininternationalaffairs,especiallyinthewesternhemisphere.Americanforeignpolicy,atthetime,focusedmostlyonLatinAmerica.However,in1899,theAmericanssaweconomicopportunitiesinanalreadypoliticallysuppressedChina.Fordecades,Europeancountrieshadbeenreapingtheeconomicbenefitsbyexploitingofthecountry'sresourcesandmarketswhileclaimingchunksofterritoryastheirown.Ithadbecomeaclosedclubofthecountriesalreadyestablishedthere.TheUnitedStates,fearingthatChinawasabouttoofficiallypartitioned,wantedaccesstothoselucrativeassetsaswell.AmericanSecretaryofState,JohnHay,perhapsusingsomeBigStickandgunboattactics,popularAmericanstrategiesatthetime,waswellpositionedtogettheestablishedforeignnationsinChinatoconformtoanagreementcalledtheOpenDoorpolicyforChina.ThisbenchmarkinterventionbytheUnitedStates,conferredonallcountries,equalandimpartialtradewithallpartsofChina,whilepreservingtheterritorialandadministrativeintegrityofthecountry.TheAmericanapproachdidlittletorespectChina'scustomaryoppositiontoforeignintrusion.ToChina,theUnitedStateswasonlyonemorecountrytobullyit,toexploititsresourcesandsovereigntyand,further,todenyitofitsautonomy,integrity,anddignity.Thiscollectiveforeignpresence,boostedbyAmericaninterests,diffusedanyhopeforChinatobreakthechainsofhumiliatingforeignoccupation.TheChinesewerevirtuallycaptivesorprisonersintheirowncountry.TheUnitedStatesdidnotdeviatefarfromthiseconomicpolicytowardChina,untilthecommunisttakeoverin1949.OnecouldonlyimaginehowtheChinesemusthavefeltattheturnofthecentury.CouldanyAmericanimagineascenariooftheshoebeingontheotherfoot(puttingthemselvesintheplaceoftheChinese)?HowwouldAmericanshavefeltifChinesegunboatspatrolledtheMississippiRiveruptoSt.Louis,amajorcityintheheartofAmerica?WhatiftheChinesecouldcomeandgoanywhereintheUnitedStates,beingcompletelyimmunetoallAmericanlaws.CouldAmericans更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40acceptChinatowninBostonofSanFranciscobeingunderChineselaw,anddisplayingsignswithsuchcaptionsas“NoAmericansordogsallowed”?WhatifManhattanIslandandCaliforniawereannexedbyChina?WouldAmericanstoleratetheirownofficialsbeingincollusionwith,andbeingbribedbyChineseauthorities,toletallofabovetotakeplace?Onewouldthinknot.IsitanywonderthatimperialismhadbecomesuchanabominabletermtotheChinesepeople?TheChinesehavemadesomeconscientiousattemptstofightback,ineffortstodefyforeignpresenceinChina,butwithoutmuchsupportduringtheslackreignoftheQingEmperorandtheDowagerEmpress.TheImperialfamily,forsolong,hadbeenextremelyself-indulgent.ItpaidlittleattentiontotherealitiesofwhatwashappeninginsideChina.Forsolong,thenation'spoliciesrevolvedaroundthewhimsoftheImperialFamily.Withrelianceonitsownresources,asecretsociety,calledtheOrderofLiteraryPatrioticHarmoniousFists,madeonelastdesperateattemptatrevenge,toridthecountryofforeigners.In1900,theseBoxersastheywerecalled,stubbornlyengagedtheforeignpowersinconflict.Theformertoreuprailwaytracks,attackedChineseChristians,besiegedforeigndelegations,andeventuallyslaughteredoverthreehundredforeigners.TheAmericanscollaboratedwiththeJapanese,consolidatedforcesandeasilyoverwhelmedtheBoxers.Thelattercrumbledunderthepressureofforeignsuperiorityanditsowndeficienciesinequipmentandorganization.ThevictorsplacedseverecontrolsonthecrippledChineseGovernmentandimposedheavyindemnitiesofbillionsofdollars.Thefactthattheforeignerswereinterested,onlyinprotectingtheirowninterests,wasabundantlyclear.AsidefromdiscriminatoryimmigrationpolicyagainstChinese,theU.S.hadnoofficialdirectpoliticalordiplomaticrelationswithChinauntiltheSecondWorldWar.TheUnitedStatestookonamuchcherishedisolationistapproachtoworldaffairsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,afterhavingestablisheditselfasamajorworldpower.TheUnitedStatesdidnotevenbecomearepresentativeoftheLeagueofNations,essentiallythecreationofitsownthenPresident,WoodrowWilson.Thisorganizationwassetupin1919tocurbinternationalconflict,whichcould,potentially,throwtheworldintoawaragain.Theabsenceofthispowerfulnationwasoneofthemajorweaknessesofthisorganizationand,consequently,apossiblefactorthatactuallyfacilitatedtheresumptionofworldconflictin1939.TheSecondWorldWarDuringtheSecondWorldWar,theUnitedStatesandChinawerealliesagainstthecommonenemy,Japan.AcoalitionoftheUnitedStates,BritishCommonwealthcountries,andotheralliesdispatchedsuppliesandothersupporttoChinabywayoftheBurmaRoadandbyairoverthehump(mountains),tocloseinonJapanfromtherear.Whenwarbrokeoutin1939,Chinawasexperiencingacivilwar,theNationalistsversustheCommunists.ThiscivilwarwasputonholdwhileboththeNationalistsandCommunistsjoinedforcestoconvergeonJapan,whichhad,intermittently,hoveredoverChinaasamenace,orasanimperialistthorninitsside,foragoodcenturybeforethewar.ThewarbroughttheUnitedStatesoutofitssplendidofficialisolation.Oncethewarwasover,turbulenttimescontinuedtostalkChina.Thecivilwarpickedupwhereitleftoff.TheAmericanslentitsmoralsupporttotheNationalistsintheirstruggleagainsttheCommunists,wherebytheUnitedStatesbegantoformulateitsColdWarpolicyof“Containment”(ContainingthespreadofCommunism).（1224words）更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40UNIT9Chinese-AmericanRelations:AHistory(II)TheColdWartothePresentTheColdWarAfterthewar,anewwarofinternationaltension,intrigueandpoliticalposturing,calledtheColdWar,forcedtheU.S.toscrapanythoughtsofthefalsecomfortsofofficialisolation.ItjoinedtheUnitedNations(UN)andotherinternationalorganizations,suchastheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO),theInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),andtheGeneralAgreementonTariffandTrade(GATT).Itwasdeterminedtoplayamajor,ifnotdominantrole,inpostwarinternationalaffairs.TheworldwasthestageforintenserivalrybetweentheCommunists,ononeside,anddemocraticCapitalistsontheother.Itfosteredclosescrutinyofeachother,aswellasabriskinterchangeofoftenfabricatedanddistortedpropagandabetweenthepolarizedsides.Itinjectedthefearthatifonesideblinked,anuclearwarwouldbetriggered.Theworld,seemingly,wasalwaysonthevergeofwarfare.ThisenvironmentplacedtheUnitedStatesandChinaonoppositesidesoncetheCommuniststookpowerinChinain1949.Thisconstantfrictionjeopardizedchancesformeaningfulpoliticalinteractionandintercourse.Thisatmosphereofdistrustandfearleftlittleincentiveforthedifferentsidestotalkseriously.BytheendoftheSecondWorldWar,orduringthelastyearortwoofthewar,theworldstagewasbeingsetfortheColdWar.PresidentTruman'sattitudetowardChinahardened.AmericanpolicywasexplicitthatonlyoneChina,NationalistChinaledbyChiangKai-shek,ontheislandofTaiwan,wastheofficialChina.TheAmericansmadeitabundantlyclear,thatMaoTsetung'sCommunistRegime,onmainlandChina,wouldnotoccupyChina'spermanentseatintheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil.TheoutbreakofwarontheKoreanPeninsulabroughtaboutanabruptchangeoffocusinAmericanforeignpolicy.ThenewAmericanstrategywastomilitarilyisolateoralienateChinainAsia.Toaccomplishthis,theUnitedStatesestablishedbasesinEastAsiaandmutualdefensetreatiesinEastAsia.TreatieswerenegotiatedwithJapan,thePhilippines,Australia,andNewZealand.AmericanPresidentEisenhowerlaterexpandedthesetoincludeSouthKorea,Pakistan,andThailand.Tocapoffthisanti-Chinastrategy,theUSstrengthenedtieswithTaiwanorNationalistChina,withwhichtheformerhadofficialdiplomaticties.Inthe1950s,AmericanpowerandcredibilitydeterioratedsomewhatintheColdWar.Itsownpeople,whobegantoopposeMcCarthyismandthebluntanti-communistpoliciesofJohnFosterDulles,theAmericanSecretaryofStateintheEisenhowerAdministration,helpedtounderminednationalprestige.In1953,JosefStalin,theSovietleader,died.TheseeventshelpedtobringaboutashiftindirectioninAmericanforeignpolicy.TheUnitedStatesbegantolookmoretoAsianeventsasmajorthreatstoAmerica'snationalsecurity.TheIronCurtainwasfirmlyestablishedinEurope,andNATOforcesprovidedsecureprotectiononthewesternsideofthecurtain.Forthetimebeing,thingslookedfairlystableinEurope.IntheEast,becauseoftheendoftheKoreanWarandtheexodusoftheFrenchfromIndo-China,thingswerenotasstable.TheAmericanpoliticalelitecontendedthattheforemostproblemwasthevacuumleftbytheFrenchwithdrawalfromIndo-China.ToofficialsintheUnitedStates,thisvoidmustnotbefilledbyanothercommunistregime.Therealizationofobjectivesofthedominotheory(theessenceofwhichwas,thatifnotchecked,countriesinagivenareawillallgraduallyfalltocommunistrule)couldnotbeallowedtoperpetuate.TheChineseRevolutionhadestablishedacommunistregimeinthemostpopulouscountryintheworld,andthetensionsbetweenNorthandSouthKoreawerenotgoingtogoawayovernight.Successofthe更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40dominotheorylookedmorelikelyinAsiathaninEurope.TheUnitedStatesfeltthatitneededtoconcentrateitsenergiesandresourcesinAsia.Americanpolicies,duringthe1960sandearly1970s,essentiallyweretopreventcommunisttakeoversinAsia,inparticular,particularlyinSouthVietnamandTaiwan.Americanpolicywastocontaincommunismwhereitalreadyexisted,whilesimultaneouslycoexistingpeacefullywithitscoldwarcommunistrivals.Militaryexpendituresincreasedasdefensebudgetswentskyhighwithdemocraticandcommunistbureaucraciesbuildinghugearsenalsorinventoriesofhighvelocity,evensupersonicdestructivenuclearweapons,inaveryfragilepolarizedworld.EvenChinatestedathermalnuclearweaponintheearly60s.ThawingoftheColdWar--the1970'sto2001AmericanColdWarpolicyensueduntiltheearly1970's,whensomemajorchangesinthinkingwereinaugurated.CommunistChina'sentrytotheUnitedNationswasasetbackfortheUnitedStates.TheVietnamWarwasnotgoingwell.Intheearly70s,AmericanPresidentNixon,thearch-conservativeandanti-communistpresident,uptothatpoint,waspreparingtovisitChinaandtheSovietUnion.WhywouldanAmericanpresidentvisittheseenemies?TheAmericanscametotherealizationthatthedevelopmentofgoodrelationswithitscounterpartsinthecommunistworldwasnecessary.Aforthcoming,morepragmaticapproachtoforeignpolicywithChinawastobeadeparturefromtheadverseideologicalapproach.TheUnitedStateshadlostsolidbackingfromtraditionalsupporters,asillustratedbyCommunistChina'sentryintotheUnitedNations.ThequestionastowhetherNationalistChinaorthePeople'sRepublicofChinashouldholdChina'spermanentSecurityCouncilseat,wasatopicofmuchdiscussionanddebateforyears.Formanycountries,theideaofignoringonethirdoftheworld'spopulationattheUNwasdifficulttorationalize.Thisdebateensueduntil1971,whenthePeople’sRepublicofChinafinallydisplacedNationalistChinaattheUnitedNations,includingthepermanentseat,originallyheldbyNationalistChinaintheSecurityCouncil.AbaffledUnitedStatescouldnolongerpersuadenorintimidatethemajorityofthecountriesintheUNGeneralAssemblytokeepCommunistChinaoutoftheUN.TheUnitedStateshadlittlechoicebuttoeventuallyextendofficialrecognitiontothePeople’sRepublicofChina.Thewar-wearyAmericanpeoplewerenolongersupportingthewarinVietnamandnolongereagerlysupportingtraditionalforeignpolicy.Amajorscandal(Watergate),thatwouldrocktheNixonAdministrationtotheresultantresignationofthepresident,wasabouttobedisclosed.Practicalsolutionswereneededforpracticalproblems.Peacefulcoexistencemeantfindingsomecommongroundonwhichtoactivateinternationaltrustandcooperation.Nixon'sconsecutivepredecessors,Truman,Eisenhower,Kennedy,andJohnsonwouldhaverolledoverintheirgravesiftheycouldhaveseenthesechanges.Thesechangeswouldhaveappearedalien,contradictoryorevencontrived,tothemandtheircontemporaries.PresidentsFord,Reagan,Bush,andClintonsawtheneedtokeepcommunicationchannelsopenwithChina.Americansfinallyrealizedthattheycouldnolongerkeepdownasleepinggiant.NolongeraPaperTiger,Chinawasareality,andwasentitledtoanimportantplaceinworlddecision-makingvenues.Inthe1980'sfollowingtheCulturalRevolutionandthedeathofMaoTsetung,China'soutlookontheworldchangeddramatically.DengXiaopeng'sreformsweretobringChinaclosertobeingamajorworldpartnerininternationaltradeandthedevelopmentofworldmarkets.ThiswascappedwithitsadmissiontotheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)inDecember2001.ChinahasbeenmostwillingtocomplywithalloftheregulationsoftheWTO.Americanshaveonlyhalf-heartedlyopposedChina'sentry,byunfairlyusing“humanrights”asadistractiontoperhapsdisguiseotherinternationalpressures.However,theUnitedStates,foracoupleofdecades,alreadyhadmajor,更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40politicallydiscreet,vestedeconomicinterestsinChinathatitcouldnotaffordtodenyorjeopardize.In1998,ChinasignedaPermanentNormalTradingRelationsagreementwiththeUnitedStates,thepreludetotheformer'sentryintotheWTO.PresidentClinton,whovisitedChinain1998,hadessentiallypaidlipservicetoCongressionalpressuretopushthehumanrightsissueswithChina.Exceptfortheoccasionalirritatingcrisisinrecentyears,suchasthespyplaneincidentofftheislandofHainaninApril2001,Sino-Americanrelationshavebeencordialbutcautious.Theconsensusseemstobe,thatChina'sdestinyasamajorinternationalforceinthe21stcentury,seemsreasonablyassured.（1367words）更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40UNIT10ASolitaryQuestFrommysuiteofroomsatoptheHolidayInnIsurveyedthenarrowalleysbelowme.OnlyyesterdayhadIleftmyfranticNorthAmericanlifebehind,toavailmyselfofanopportunitytotraveltoChina.IwishedtospendtimeresearchingmaterialformythesispertainingtoEasternreligions.Thehotelwasincloseproximitytotheheartoftheolddowntown.Innumerableactivitieswerehappeningbelowme.Peoplesurgedalongthestreetsometimesstoppingtobargainwithstreetvendors.Cucumbers,tomatoes,apples,orangesandgrapeswereheapedonhandcarts.Thevarietyoffruitavailableprovidedavirtualfeastfortheeyes.Deliverymenjoggedalongpullingenormousloadsofcardboard.ToaWesterner'seyescarsmergedunbelievablywithoutincident.Itappearedtobeadubiousprocesstonegotiatethetrafficandevencrossthestreet.However,ratherthanloungingindoors,Idecidedtoventureoutsidetoexplorethecolorfulworldbelow.Iwasinterestedinlocatingachurchtoattend,astodaywasSunday.OnthestreetImadetentativeenquiriesaboutlocatingaChristianchapel.Attimesthecongestionofpeoplehamperedmyprogress.Staresfrompassers-bymademefeelconspicuous.Theweatherwashotandhumidandtherewassomepossibilityofatyphoonreachingthecitylaterintheday.AfterseveralfalseleadsIfoundmyselfstandinginfrontofaveryoldChristianChurch,establishedbymissionariesduringthelastdynastyandatthebeginningofthelastcentury.Withtheonsetofalightsprinkle,Imadeahastyretreattoshelterinthedoorwayofthechurch.Thefamiliarrefrainofwell-knownhymnsrangoutwithinthechurch.Ifeltdrawninsidetojointhefellowshipinaforeignland.Eventhoughourlanguagesdiffered,mygracioushostsnonetheless,maderoomforme,andmademefeelwelcome.SittinginthisoldchurchinChinaledmetocontemplateaboutthelivesofmenandtheirspouseswholiveddecadesago,whentheytraveledtothisdistantlandintheEasternHemisphere.ManyoftheseChristianministersandlaymenlefttheircomfortablechurches,evencathedralstopreachtheirideologytoforeigners.TheyestablishedsmallchapelswherepeoplecouldjoininChristianfellowshipandwheresomeChinesepeopleacceptedconversiontoanewfaith.TheycametoalandwherethepredominatefaithwasBuddhism.Eventhoughtheirwordswereeloquentthemessageattimesmusthaveseemedformidableandgloomy.Eventheforeigners'clothingstyleswouldhaveappearedqueer.DuringthiscolonialtimeperiodmissionariesimmigratedtoallareasofChina,visitingsmallvillages,distributingBibles,offeringdivinesalvationandpreachingthewordofGod.AunanimousdecisionwasmadebymanyfaithstoattempttoenrichthelivesofothersandtopresenttheeloquentmessageofChristianity.Somemissionariesworkedinthemedicalfieldasdoctors,surgeons,nursesanddentists.Agriculturespecialistshelpedthefarmerselevatetheircropperformancetoprovidebetternutritionforthepeople.Finallytherewereteacherswhoranthemissionschools.Allhadtobeveryversatileattheirwork.Thesepeopleprovedtobeaninspirationforotherstofollowintheirfootsteps.Earningsfromalltheseareaswouldgobackintofurthermissionworktofulfilltheirmandate.Inretrospect,myfascinationwiththishistoricaleramayhavebeenkindledinchildhood.Whilevisitingmygrandparent'shomeeveryThanksgiving,IwasallowedtoexaminethefascinatingornamentsfromtheOrient.Thereweredelicateelephantsculpturescarvedfromivory,lacysandalwoodfansandanimposingbrassBuddha.Bestofall,Iwasallowedtodonanexquisitesilkembroideredjacketandplaywithablueandtanparasolwhichwasadornedwithspraysofplumblossomsandtinybuds.ItwasthenIwasintroducedtoanexoticnewworld.更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40Maybethistoo,ispartlywhatluredmetothiscountry.UnderanewregimeinChina,governmentstatesmenquestionedwhatjustificationtheseforeignministershadintheircountry.Subsequently,themoralityoftheinstructionwasquestioned.Thependulumswungtheotherwayandchurchpeoplewouldnolongerbewelcometoimparttheirmessage.Apleatoreconsiderthedecisionwasunsuccessful.Diplomatsalsowouldberequiredtoleavethecountry.Itwouldbealongtimebeforevisaswouldbeissuedtoforeignpeople,toagainliveinChina.AndsohereIam!Theclearanceformyvisitor'svisahadbeenadministeredswiftly.Mysurroundingsarousedinmeasenseofheritage.Today,sittingherepondering,allowedmetobeaparticipantratherthanjustaspectatorinanewchapterofChina'shistory.（774words）更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40UNIT11ActingTodayforTomorrowProtectingthenaturalenvironment,theecologyofacountry,isamajorconcernforeverycountrythesedays.Itismandatorynottominimizetheimportanceofcleanair,cleanwater,andcleanland.Itisasadcommentaryontoday'ssocietythatindustrieshavebeenpermittedtocontaminateournaturalsurroundings.Adreadfuldiscrepancyexistsbetweentheimportanceplacedoneconomicdevelopmentandtheprotectionoftheenvironment'sheritage.Ifallowedtoproceedunchecked,thepublicwilleventuallyinheritamajorcatastrophe.Evencountrieswhopracticestrictpollutioncontrolmeasuresmaystillbeaffectedbycountriesadjacenttooradjoiningthem,whenairpollutionpermeatestheair.Itisimportantformediacoveragetocompileaccuratedatatoenablethepublictoboycottincreasedirresponsibleindustrialization.Todisguisethepeople'ssafetycallingitprogresswilleventuallyleadtomanycasualties.Canadahasalandandwatermassof9970610km2,withapopulationof30millionpeople.Thisisacountrywheretheratioofpeoplecomparedtothemassofthelandisverylow.Canyouconceivethatinsuchagiganticlandthatagarbageproblemexists?IwishthatIcouldreassureyouthattheanswerisinthenegative.Thecommoditymostneededtoaddressthisproblemisspace.However,asurbanareasgrow,theabundanceofwastealsoincreases.Whereonceampledisposalsiteswereavailable,noweverymunicipalgovernmentisscramblingtocomplywithandupholdlocalandnationalhealthregulations.Largemetropolitancitiesarehavinganespeciallydifficulttime.Localrecyclingprogramshavebeenauthorizedinmanylocalitiestosafeguardthecountry'secology.Evenaftertheestablishmentofsuchtokenmeasures,reportsfromfiveconsecutiveyearshaveindicatedonlynegligibleprogressinsolvingthisveryperplexingproblem.Ifwearetoseriouslyaddresstheproblemwewillneedtominimizetheamountofrefusewedisposeof.Newareaswillneedtobeallocatedforthispurpose.Thedatabaseofinformationcollectedshouldbedetailedenoughtoresponsiblydirectourfutureactions.Everycommunity,whetherlargeorsmall,issearchingforasolutiontothisproblem.Municipalities,inattemptingtoappraisethesituation,havespentcountlessyearsinresearch,expendingbothtimeandmoney,lookingforahomogeneousanswer.Thepublic,hopingtoavoidthetragicconsequencesofamanipulateddecision,refusestogiveenthusiasticsupporttomostproposals.Solicitorsarehiredtoprepareconfidentialreportstoconvincethepublictoacceptthemunicipalitiessuggestions.Thechoiceofaspecificpieceoffarmlandasalandfillsiteoftencausesaninstantaneoushystericalreaction.Atlocalmeetingscitizensreproachgovernmentofficialsyellingtheirdisapprovalatthechoiceofaspecificsite.Theyventtheirangerbutarenotalwaysabletomobilizesufficientpublicsupporttoeffectawiseandacceptabledecision.Eventhoughresearchersclaimthatlinedpitswillnotcauseadrainageproblem,theroomforerrorismarginal.Oneflawintheplancouldberesponsibleforanepidemicorworse,causingmultipledeaths.Anyleachingfromalandfillpitwillcreaterecurringdifficultiesinpollutingafarmer'swellandthegroundwater.Pollutedwaterflowingintolakeswillaffectfishandwildlifeandwillhinderthesportsman'spleasures.Toarticulatetheirconcernsbeforehand,willhopefullyavoidgriefinthefuture.Aveiledthreattopublichealthimmediatelycreatesabiastowardsprotectingthepeople'ssafetyandinterestsandestablishinganeducatedsuspicion.Thechoiceofusingremotebarrenlandremovedfromhighlypopulatedareas,virgingroundsotospeak,presentsitsownproblems.Thetransportationofdangerouschemicalsinsealedcapsulesovermajorarteriesincreasesthepossibilityofspillsandcontamination.Recurringexcerptsinnationalandlocalnewspaperswarnofthedangersconfrontingtheordinarycitizen.Thepretextof更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40protectingthepublicinterestmustbequestioned.Accidentsandpoorplanningleadtotheerosionofpublicfaith.Withcertainty,wecanreportthattheairwebreatheisbecomingmorepolluteddaily.Forthoseresidentsoflargecitieswhoareafflictedwitharespiratoryconditionitbecomesimperativeforofficialstoclampdownonsmogconditions.Toprotecttheirhealth,citizensmaydeemitnecessarytochecksmoglevelsbeforehandwhentheyareplanningstrenuousoutdooractivity.Todisregardthisproblemwillsurelyincreasethenumberofprematuredeathsandserioushealthproblems.Directactionbygovernmentsshouldhelpalleviatesomeoftherisksfortheelderlyandthosepeoplewithheartandlungdisease.Onebreakthroughoccurredwhenthegovernmentsignedapacttocheckpollutantemissionsonallmotorvehicles.Somecontinuityofpolicyisdesirablenotonlybetweenprovincesbutamongnationstomonitorairquality.OnaglobalscalethedeforestationoftherainforestsofBraziliscausinggraveworldwideconcern.Thepresentdayregimethatisencouragingthebuildingofroads,allowingforeasiertravelhaslaidsiegetooneoftheworld'smostvaluablenaturalresources.Thishasbecomeanobscenerapeoftheland,aslashandburnapproach.Anaerialviewofthisareashowsterriblefires,enormousblazeseveryday,resultinginconsequentairpollution.TheBraziliangovernmenthowever,isreluctanttoabolishthispracticethatwouldmeanlessincomeforthepoorofBrazil.Sadly,ontheotherhand,nativesmustevacuatetheirhomes,becomingexiles.Aworldforumonthismatterhasleftpeopleallovertheworldwithsomeindefiniteanswers.Bothgovernmentsandindividualscanvoluntarilyhelpachievegoalsforacleanersaferenvironmentbyincorporatingsomeofthefollowingideasintotheirdailylives.Theycanascribetotheideaofparticipatinginlocalrecyclingprograms.Aswell,theycancutbackontheuseofmotorvehicles.Walkingmorewillimproveeveryone'shealth,aswellasimprovingtheenvironment.Usingalternativestoherbicidesonlawnsandgardenswillimprovewaterquality.Somegeneraladvicemightbetodifferentiatebetweenwhatweneedandwhatwewant.Ifwearegoingtopassonahealthyworldtoourchildrenandgrandchildrenwemustremaindiligentandmaintainabalancebetweenourenvironmentalandsocialresponsibilitiesandoureconomicgoals.It'sourworldandhowweleaveitforthenextgenerationdependsonwhatwedotoday.(1047words)更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40UNIT12TheAmericanDreamThedreamtoconstructabuildingtohouseeveryoneandeverythingconnectedwithworldtradebeganintheearly1960's.Aftermuchdeliberation,MinoruYamasakiwascommissionedovermorethanadozenotherarchitectstoworkwiththefirmofEmeryRothandSonstodesignthismassiveedifice.Histaskwasevident:thebuildingmusthavetwelvemillionsquarefeetoffloorspaceonasixteenacreparcelofland,accommodatethenewfacilitiesfortheHudsontubesandsubwayconnections,andbedonewithinthe500milliondollarbudget.Therelativelysmallsitecombinedwiththevastspaceneedsmeantthattheonlywaytogowasup.ThedevelopmentwoulddwarfitsneighborsandchangetheNewYorklandscapeandskylineatthebottomofManhattan.Inordertoaccommodatetheninemillionsquarefeetofofficespace,Yamasakimadethedecisionthatatwo-towerdevelopmentwouldbebest.Thiswouldservethedualpurposeofgivingsufficientofficeareaoneachfloorandallowingamanageablestructuralsystemwhiletakingadvantageofthesuperbviews.Thetwintowerswouldbe110floorseach,risingtoaheightof1,353feet(412meters).Fromtheobservationdecksatthetopsofthetowersitwouldbepossibletosee45milesineverydirection.Whenaskedwhyhedesignedtwo110-storeybuildingsinsteadofone220-storeybuilding,hereplied,flippantly,“Ididn’twanttolosethehumantouch.”Thefirstactintheconstructionprocesswastheexcavation.The1.2millioncubicyardsofearthandrockthatwereremovedwereusedtocreate23acresoffillintheHudsonRiveradjacenttotheW.T.C.site.ThislandfillprojectwassubsequentlydevelopedasBatteryPark.Theexcavation,besidesprovidingthefoundationforthisenormousconstruction,wouldhouseparkinggarages,subwayterminalsandtubes,andshoppingconcourses.Yamasakibelievedthatallbuildingsmustbestronginthecontextofbeingdominant.Hefeltthateachbuildingshould“beamonumenttothevirilityofoursociety”.Thestructuralsystem,whilepossessingthisstrength,isalsoimpressivelysimple.The208-footfrontwallisessentiallyapre-assembledsteelweb,withcolumnson39-inchcenters,providingthewindbracingnecessaryforabuildingofthisheight,allowingthecentralcoretotakeonlythegravityloads.Thisverylight,economicalconfigurationwouldresultinkeepingthewindbracinginthemostefficientplace,theoutsideshellofthebuilding.Inthisway,thewindforcewouldnotbetransferredthroughthefloormembranetothecore.Thirty-threeinchdeepfloorsmadeofprefabricatedsteeltrusseswouldactassupportstostiffentheoutsidewallsagainstthebucklingforcesofthewind-loadpressures.Therewouldbenointeriorcolumnsintheofficespaces,anamazingfeatastherewouldbe40000squarefeetofofficespaceoneachoftheupperfloors.Intotal,therewouldbesevenbuildingsinthecomplex;thetwintowersstanding110storieshigh,foursmallertowers,andacentralplaza.Also,therewouldbesevenundergroundlevelscontainingservices,shopping,parkinggaragesandasubwaystation.Whencompleted,therewouldbetenmillionsquarefeetofleasablespace,oranacreofrentablespaceoneachfloorofeachtower.Theelevatorsystemwasintendedtobefast,efficient,andspacesaving.Expresselevatorsopeningontotheforty-firstandseventy-fourthfloorswouldservetheskylobbies.Fromthesefloorsandfromtheplaza,fourbanksofelevatorswouldcarrypassengerstoeachofthethreezones.Tendersposted,contractorshired,andthepreliminarymaterialspurchased,thegroundbreakingceremonywasheldonAugust5,1966.Someofficeswerereadyforoccupancyin1970buttheribboncuttingceremonywasn'thelduntilApril4,1973.Finalcost750milliondollars.TheinstitutionoftheW.T.C.wouldbecomeasymbolofcommerceandeconomicsuperiorityto更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40theworld.Internationalbusinessesrecognizedthatitwouldbeadvantageoustohaveofficesthere.Thus,theworkingpopulationoftheW.T.C.wouldincorporateacross-sectionofnationalities,notjustAmericans.Thebuildingswouldbeoccupiedbyasmanyasfiftythousandpeopledailyduringtheweek.Additionally,thousandsoftouristscouldbeinthecenteratanygiventime,visitingtherestaurant,WindowsontheWorld,atopOneW.T.C.,theindoorandoutdoorobservationdecksonTwoW.T.C.,aswellastheshops,exhibitionpavilions,andthe250roomhotel.Acomplexofthissizeisnotwithoutsomeproblems,includingfire.NumeroussmallfiresandonemajoroneonFebruary13,1975occurredovertheyears.However,onFebruary26,1993,aterroristattackontheW.T.C.causedthelargestincidenteverhandledbytheCityofNewYork'sFireDepartment.Theblaze,resultingfromtheignitionofanitroureabomb,withhydrogencylinderstoaddimpact,andlocatedintheparkinggarage,requiredtheresponseof84enginecompanies,60truckcompanies,andhundredsofpersonnel.Firefightersmaintainedapresenceatthesitefor28days,guardingagainstthepossibilityoffurtherfirescausedbytheblast.Sixpeoplediedand1042wereinjured.Thetowerssurvived.AfterthisviolentincidentfailedinitsintendedpurposeofdestroyingtheW.T.C.,whocouldhaveenvisagedanassaultasdisastrousastheoneinflictedonitandtheUnitedStatesonSeptember11,2001?Whocouldhaveconceivedanattacksoviciousitwouldeclipsealmosteveryman-madecatastrophe?WhocouldhaveforeseenthattheAmericandreamwouldblurintoaterriblenightmare?At8;45a.m.NewYorklocaltime,ahijacked767commercialairlinerwithafullloadofjetfuelforatranscontinentalflightcollidedwithOneW.T.C..Thenorthtower,withenoughimpetustocarryitthroughtotheoppositeside.Initially,terrorismwasnotaconsiderationinthemindofthepublic.Thiswasmerelyadreadfulaccident.Asabewilderedpublicendeavoredtoassimilatethisoverwhelmingevent,at9:03a.m.,asecondhijackedjetcrashedintoTwoW.T.C.Millionsofpeoplearoundtheworld,havingbeenalertedtotheincidentandnowwatchingtheterrorunfoldontheirtelevisions,watchedinshockasthesecondplane,intheblinkofaneye,enteredthesouthtoweratapproximatelytheseventy-secondfloorandpartiallyexitedtheoppositewall.Fireandpolicedepartmentsweremobilizedimmediately.Rapidevacuationofthebuildingswascrucial.Manyworkersonupperfloors,knowingtherewasnoescape,committedsuicidebyhurlingthemselvesoutofwindowstotheirdeaths.Then,62minutesafterithadbeencrashedinto,thesouthtowercrumbledintothestreetsinagiganticcloudofdustanddebris.HundredsofpoliceandfirefightersintentontheirrescuemissionlosttheirlivesasTwoW.T.C.collapsed.Driversandattendantsofemergencyvehicles,unabletoabandontheirposts,diedwheretheyhadstoppedtogiveaidandassistance.Employeesfromthetwotowers,rushingtoescapetheragingfires,werecaughtinthewreckage.Pedestrians,uncertainofwhichwaytoturn,andnotconvincedoftheneedforurgency,foundthemselvestrappedinanavalancheofconcrete.Membersofthemedia,ontheirwaytocoverthebreakingnewsofthedisaster,becamevictimsofit.Hundredsofcommuters,ontheirwaytoworkviasubway,weretrappedbelowgroundwithnoescapepossible.Hospitalemergencydepartments,havingbeennotifiedoftheexplosions,quicklypreparedforthearrivalofcasualties.Whentheexpectedinfluxfailedtomaterialize,itcouldonlymeanthattherewerefewsurvivors.OneW.T.C.collapsedat10:30a.m.,105minutesafterbeinghit,addingtothemassconfusioninthestreets.SevenW.T.C.,alateradditiontothecomplex,wasdamaged,caughtfire,andcollapsedlaterthatafternoon.Notoneoftheadjoiningstructureswasleftintact.Intheaftermathofthisincrediblemisfortune,thepiecesofthepuzzlebegantobeputinplace.更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40Shortlybefore8:00a.m.onSeptember11,2001,threecommercialairlinerswerehijackedfromLoganAirportinBoston,Massachusetts.AllweretranscontinentalflightswithpassengersdestinedforCaliforniaandtheirfullfueltanksprovidedtheammunitioncriticaltothemissionofthehijackers.Authoritiesspeculatethatthepilotswereassassinatedandtheirplacestakenbytheterroristswhohadhadflighttraining.Inall,therewere157passengersandcrewonthetwoplanes.ThethirdplanecrashedinPennsylvaniakilling45passengersandcrew.Anumberofthehostagesmanagedtousetheircellulartelephonestocalltheirfamiliestosaygoodbye.Everythingoccurredinsuchashortperiodoftimethat,otherthanalertingahandfulofpeoplethatthereweresomehijackings,noonehadanyideawhy.Thedilemmawasthattherewerenowarnings,nodemandsforransom,andnohintsthatthisbright,sunnySeptembermorningwasabouttobecomeadaythatwillliveforeverinthemindsofthosewhowitnessedthetragedy.Itwillbeyearsbeforethefinaltollofdamagewillbeknown.Toconsolidateinformation,computethefinanciallosses,designateamonetaryvalueforlossoflife,fillthevoidleftontheterrain,tomakesenseofthismisfortuneintendedtounderminethefoundationofAmericaisaformidableassignment.WedoknowthatdestructionoftheWorldTradeCentercostthelivesofmorethanthreethousandinnocentpeopleinthebuildings,inthehijackedairplanes,andinthesurroundingstreets.Whocanerasethementalimagesofthoseplanessmashingintothetwintowers?Whoisunabletovisualizethespectacleofterrifiedmenandwomenjumpingtotheirdoom?Howcanthoseofuswhoobservedthecollapseofthebuildingsfailtodwellonthelossoflifecausedbymen,cowards,wholackedthefortitudetoproclaimwarontheirallegedenemy?Today,October22,2001,ninemorecorpseswerediscoveredintherubble,thefirstsuchdiscoveryinseveralweeks.Thismayseemtrivialwhenoneconsidersthemultitudeofpeoplewhodied.However,thefatalitiesaren'ttheonlyvictimsofthistragicevent.Theirfamilies,friends,andcolleaguesneedclosure.Theyneedtoknowwithcertaintythattheirlovedonesaredeadandtheyneedtoburytheremains.Unfortunately,mostofthecasualtieswillprobablyneverbefoundbecausetheheatproducedbytheignitionofjetfuelandthedamageincurredbytheimpactwouldhaveinstantaneouslyvaporizedeverythingandeveryoneintheimmediatevicinity.Others,inthebuildingsoronthestreetsasthetowerscollapsedareundersomuchdebristhattheirbodiesmaynotbefoundformonths.ThelistofbuildingscollapsedanddamagedincludesallsevenbuildingsoftheW.T.C.complexcomprisingW.T.C.6,theU.S.CustomsHousetothenorth;W.T.C.3,the22storyMarriottWorldTradeCenterHoteljustwestofTowerTwo;W.T.C.4and5,thePlazaBuildings,andOneLibertyPlaza,a54story,743foothighbuildingtotheeast.Firefightersandrecoveryworkersremainonthescene.Thefiresstillsmolderbeneaththeruins.TheAmericanspirithasbeenbruisedandthelandhasbeenscarred.Thecitizensofthispowerfulnationnowrealizejusthowfragileandvulnerabletheircountryis.Nevertheless,theyaredefiant.Theydonotconsiderthemselveseasypreyforterrorists.Theyarestilloptimisticabouttheirplaceintoday'sworld.Theyassertthatthenightmarevisiteduponthemwillbevisitedupontheperpetratorsofthiscowardlyact.TheWorldTradeCenterisnomore.Thedreamofaninternationalaxisofbusiness,onceareality,willberevised.Maybehavingoneplacethatissoprominentwillalsoberethought.Whatevertheoutcome,thismassacrehasservedtostrengthentheresolveofamightynation.Thedreamanddreamerswillsurvive.(2007words)更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40UNIT13SexRoleStereotypesDuringmycareerasaCanadianfemaleteacher,Iobservedmanyinstancesofsexrolestereotypingthroughoutthewesternculture.Iwasalwaysamazedhowquicklyyoungchildrenadoptedtheculturalvalues.Thetopicisoneofmajorconcernsinthewesternworld,yettherearethosepeoplewhowouldaskyoutobelievethatitisnotamajorissue.Peoplewhowishtoignorethesituationdonotwelcomediscussionsonthetopicofgenderbias.Thistypeofpersonevokesananalogyofanostrichthatburiesitsheadinthesandtoignoreaproblembyavoidingit.Althoughmanyofmycommentsmayseemcynical,Igiveyouassurancethattheyarebasedonmyobservationofwesternsocietyforanumberofyears.Itmightbeinterestingandinformativetocomparethewesternworldinthisrespectwitheasterncultures.Manystudieshavebeendoneandthebreakdownofreasonsexaminedtodeterminewhygenderrolesplayanimportantpartintheselectionofsuccessfulcandidatesforpositionsinmanyvocations.Thesestudieshavemadelittleimpactondiminishingtheprevalenceofcandidatesbeingselectedmorefortheirgenderthantheirqualifications.Sincethepeopleresponsibleforhiringpeopletoworkwiththem,oftenhirepeoplesimilartothemselves,itseemsliketheyarelookingforacloneoraduplicateofthemselves.Femalesoftenbecomequiteindignantwhenpositionsthattheyarewellsuitedforareawardedtomalesandambiguousreasonsgiventoexplainwhy.Isitanywonderthatattemptstosuecorporationsforusingunfairhiringandpromotionpracticesareapplauded?Ontheotherhand,companieswhoexhibitfairhiringpracticesneedtobecommendedfordoingso.Ithasbeencommoninthewesternworldforpeopletopresumethatcertainprofessionsbelongalmostexclusivelytoonegenderortheother.Theworkofanelectrician,orworkwithelectronics,orrepairingofair-conditioningequipment,mightbeconsideredtobemasculinefieldsofemployment.Nursingandchildcarevocationsareconsideredfeminineoccupations.Aviationisanotherfieldwherepeoplewouldusuallyassumethatthepilotwouldbemaleandtheflightattendantwouldbefemale,apremisethatmanytimeswillbeinvalid.Itwillbeamajorbreakthroughwhenbothgendersareequallyrepresentedintheworkforceespeciallyinhigherlevelpositions.Someindividualswouldleadyoutobelievethatitwouldresultinthebreakdownofsociety,asweknowittoday.Attimesanattempttopreventsubjectiveviewsbeingusedtoprecludeonlymalesbeinghiredbymaleshasbeenattempted.Lawsorpolicythatattempttorectifythesituationhavenotbeensuccessfulindiminishingtheproblem.Anattempttonumericallycontrolthenumberofpositionsinacorporationbyusingaquotasystemtorequireequalnumbersofmalesandfemalestobehiredusuallymeetswithlittlesuccessiftheattitudesofthepeopledoingthehiringaresubjectiveandprecludethepossibilityoffairpractisesbeingused.Theempiricalevidenceshownbythenumbersmakesiteasytoshowwhichcompaniesexemplifyfairnessandwouldhinderthosewhoonlymakeafeebleattempttodoso.Ifacompanydoesendeavourtoincorporatefairnessintheirhiringpractises,theyshouldbeeligibleforcommendation.Adiligentattempttochoosethebestpersonforthepositionregardlessoftheirgenderisonlyinherentinthosecompaniesthatcanenvisageafuturewiththebestpossibleworkforce.Advertisementsdepictgenderbiaswhilepromotingproducts.Lookingatmerchandisedisplaysinanymallwillrevealthatapictureofajuvenileladwouldbenearconstructionequipmentwhileanadforperfumewouldlikelyshowafemale.Thedrawbackofthisseeminglyinnocentwayofdisplayingmerchandiseisthattheytendtoaffirmthebiasoftheindividualswhodesignthem.Thisisaseriousflaw.Maybetheintentwasnottobeexclusivebutthatistheendresultofthemessage更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40thatisevoked,whethersubliminalorovert.Analternatewayofviewingtheworld,witheitherbothgendersportrayedorneitherwiththeitems,mayseembizarrebutmarketingspecialistshavebeenapplaudedformakingtheefforttodoso.Thehypothesishasbeensuggestedthatifthispractisewerewidespreaditwouldfacilitateachangeforthebetterinthevaluesthatareembeddedinoursociety.Whenyoureadabiographyinanewspaperinametropolitanarea,youwillfindthatdifferentwordsareusedtodescribemalesandfemales.Inalmostanyliterarywork,personalappearanceisseldommentionedwhendescribingmales,butcommonlyusedwhenafemaleisthesubjectofthearticle.Formsofaddressthatareconsideredpropertousearealsodiscriminatory.MalesarealwaysreferredtoasMr.(exceptaveryyoungladmightbeaddressedasMaster).Thereareseveralformsofabbreviationstousebeforethenameofafemale.ItispermissibletouseMrs.,Miss,orMs.Thechoiceofabbreviationisbypersonalpreferenceofthepersonbeingaddressedbuttheyhavedifferentmeanings.Mrs.isusedtosignifyamarriedwoman.Missmeansanunmarriedorsinglewoman.Ms.couldmeaneitherandisthechoiceofmanywomenbecauseitdoesnotrevealtheirmaritalstatus.Howstrangethatsocietyfeelsitisnecessarytobeabletodeduceawoman'smaritalstatusfromhernamebyprovidingthisformofdefinitiveidentification.Amancouldbemarriedorcouldbeabachelorandoneisnotabletoascertainhismaritalstatusfromhisname.Why,then,isitnecessarytodifferentiatebetweenawomanwhoismarriedandonewhoisnot?Manyofthecasesofsexualharassmentthataredealtwithincorporationsarearesultofstereotyping.Usuallythepersonwhoistheallegedharasserisamalewhosupervisesfemales.Maleshavebeentaughtbysocietythattheyaretheprivilegedgenderandhavepoweroveranyfemale.Thisisthebasisbehindmostincidentsofharassment.Howstrangethatintelligentmenfeelentitledtotakeadvantageoffemalesinasubordinateposition.Toheightenawareness,forumsorsymposiumsareheldtoenlightenpeopleabouttheimportanceofusinginclusivelanguagebutmaypeoplestillresistchanging.Somepeoplearedeterminedthatthewordmanalsoincludeswoman.Sometimesthemeaningdoesincorporatewomenandsometimesitdoesn’t.However,manywomeninsistthattheyareneverquitesureofthemeaningandsuggestthatthewordhumanityshouldbeusedinsteadwhentheintendedmeaningisbothmenandwomenandthentherewouldbenoconfusion.Itisincomprehensibletootherswhytheyrefusetochange.Abookletorpamphletisavailableforreferenceinmostworkplacestohelppeopleuseinclusivelanguageinanywritingintheworkplace.Somegovernmentofficeshaveproducedaleafletthatcanbeusedbycompaniesthatdonothavetheimpetusortheresourcestodesigntheirown.Studiesaboutgenderdifferenceshavesuggestedahypothesisthatfemaleshavebetterverbalskills,whilemalesexcelattasksrequiringtheabilitytovisualize.Conclusionsofmanyofthestudieshaveproveditinvalidandfoundinsteadthedifferencesbetweenthegenderstobealmostnil.Thereare,however,notabledifferencesbetweenindividualsregardlessoftheirgender.Theabsurdcriterionforjudgingaperson'sabilitybasedontheirgenderneedstobeabolished.Untilthisisseenasbeingabnormal,theattempttoupdatedattitudeswithoutremovingtheunderlyingcauseofthesocietalvalueswillbeuseless.(1273words)更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40UNIT14Dr.SunYat-sen:FatheroftheChineseRevolutionDr.SunYat-senheldofficialpoliticalofficeforatotalofonlyafewmonthsinChina,yethehadanimpactsoprofoundthatitearnedhimthedesignationofFatheroftheChineseRevolution.HewasamanwhoisstillmuchreveredinChina.HisportraitcanbeseeninTiananmenSquareinBeijing.Sunwasbornin1866inGuangdongProvince.Hisancestorswereclansoffarmersandshepherds.Duringhisadolescentyears,heattendedschoolinHonoluluandHongKong.Inthelattercity,hestudiedmedicine,receivingan“A”ineverysubjectintheprogram,anunprecedentedfeatatHongKongMedicalCollege(later,theUniversityofHongKong).WhileinHongKong,SunundertookconversiontoRomanCatholicism.Earlyinlife,SundevelopedcontemptforthecorruptionoftheQing(Manchu)Dynasty.HewasalsovocalindenouncingforeignintrusionsandaggressionagainstChinaduringthe19thcentury.Theopiumwarof1839to1842wasamajortestimonytoChina'sinabilitytodefenditselfagainstoutsideaggression.Bythisperiod,Britainhaddevelopedastrongmonopolyinthetradeofmanygoods,includingtea,salt,opium,andothercommodities.ThismonopolywasexercisedmostlythroughtheBritishEastIndiaCompany.BritainhadbeenimportingmuchfromChina,butwasexportinglittle.ThisresultedinayearlybalanceofpaymentsdeficitwithChina.Tocorrectthisimbalanceintrade,andthefactthatopiumwasahighlyaddictivedrug,thearrogantBritishforcedtheexportofopiumonChina,eventhoughopiumwasdeclaredillegalbythelatter.China'sattempttoresisttheseaggressivetradepracticesprecipitatedthebloodyOpiumWarof1839to1842.ThousandsweremassacredasChinalostmiserablyagainstsuperiorforces.TheTreatyofNankingin1842dictatedthatChinapayhugecompensationtoBritainanditforcedChinatoopenfiveofitsportstoBritishtrade.BritainalsodemandedandreceivedimmunityfromChineselaws,thereforegainingBritishsovereigntyoversmallpartsofaforeignland.HongKongwascededtoBritainaswell.TheChineseenduredrepressionandhumiliationformanydecades.In1896,theUnitedStates,relativenewcomerstotheclubofworldimperialists,declaredanOpenDoorpolicyfortradingwithChina.NoforeigncountrywastohaveamonopolyoftradewithChina.Duringthe19thcentury,manyforeigncountriessuccessfullycarvedoutpiecesofChinaforthemselves.Geographically,by1911,Chinawasasignificantlysmallercountrythanitwasin1800.Inthemiddleofthe19thcentury,Chinawasalsogoingthroughsomeverygrimtimes,economically.Therewerefamines,floods,anddroughts.Therewasmuchsufferinganddeprivation,especiallyinthesouthernareasofChina.TheQingdynastydidverylittletorelievethepeopleoftheirplight.Theseconditions,alongwiththehumiliatingconcessionsbeingforcedonthembyforeignpowers,culminatedinamassofviolenteruptionsanddisturbancesagainsttheQingDynasty,whichbecameknownastheTaipingRebellionfrom1851to1864.TheOpiumWars,theTaipingRebellion,andlater,in1900,theBoxerRebellion,wereconstantremindersofgovernmentcorruptionandChina'sweaknessagainstforeignintrusionandmanipulation.WiththesetragicmisfortunesinrecentmodernChinesehistoryonhismind,SuncametotheconclusionthattheonlywaythatChinacouldtrulybecomeastrongunifiedcountryonceagain,wasbyfull-scalerevolution.ThisshouldbeginwithcapturingtheQingthrone,terminatingmillenniaofimperialruleinChina.Healsorealizedthatamoremilitantapproachwasneededifhewasgoingtoachievehisgoals.BlunderinginthefirstattempttooverthrowtheManchusin1895,SunfledfromChinaandembarkeduponanunexpected16yearsofworldtravelandrefection.ThisperiodprovedinstrumentalinSun'sdevelopmentofrevolutionarystrategyandtheory.HeenrolledsupportfromChinesepeoplelivinginothercountries.HevisitedHawaii,theUnitedStates,Britain,andJapan.更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40Heelicitedhelpwhereverhecould.HereadsomeofworksofKarlMarxandthoseofHenryGeorge.GeorgewasanAmericaneconomistandsocialphilosopherwhosawtheinjusticeoflandpolicyduringthebuildingofrailroadsintotheAmericanwestinthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.Georgeobservedthatmostpeoplewhomovedwestremainedpoororgotpoorer,whiletherelativelyfewlanddevelopersgotricherandricher.Theadvertisement“Gowestyoungmanandprosper”meant,inreality,thatonlyaveryfewwouldprosper.Georgesuggested,withoutsuccess,thataheavylandtaxbeleviedtotapsomeofthiswealthinordertodevelopasolidinfrastructurefromwhichallpeopleinthewest,notjusttherich,couldbenefit.SunalsohadtheopportunitytostudyrepublicanformsofgovernmentsuchasthatoftheUnitedStates.HebecameevenmoreconvincedthatChinahadtobreakawayfromthemillennia-oldimperialgovernmentsystem,concludingthatarepublicansystemwastheanswerforChina.HewasimpressedwithMontesquieu'sprincipleoftheseparationofgovernmentpowers.Thistheorystatedthatthethreebranchesofgovernment,theexecutive,legislative,andjudicial,functionseparately.Hesawthisinpractice,particularlyintheUnitedStates.HelaterconcludedthatforChina,twoadditionalseparatedpowers,examinationandcensorialwouldbenecessary.WhileinLondon,Sunreceivedanunexpectedboosttohiseffortsofelicitinghelpforhiscause.Whileonhiswaythere,in1896,hewaskidnappedandheldintheChinese(Qing)Embassy.Hemanagedtosneakamessagetoafriendwhotalkedtothepress.ThiscreatedanembarrassingsituationfortheChinesegovernment,whichconsequently,releasedSun.TheChineseportrayedSunasinsaneorasanidiot.Thisincident,alongwithapopularbookthathewroteabouttheexperience,magnifiedhisreputationinternationally.InJapan,shortlyafter,hewaswelcomedasaninternationalcelebrity.Inordertocarryoutasuccessfulrevolution,herealizedthathisagendarequiredthesupportofintellectuals.Toenrollthesupportofthelatter,heneededawellthought-outplanortheory.Fromthisrealization,thedoctrineofTheThreePrinciplesofthePeoplewasdisclosed.Thethreewerenationalism,democracy,andthepeople'slivelihood.Nationalismwasinterpretedinitiallytomeananti-Manchu,whiledemocracymeantarepublicanformofgovernment.Thepeople'slivelihoodwasperceivedasstateownershipofproperty.Thiswouldbethesolutiontoavoidtheproblemsofeconomicinequalitiesexperiencedinthewest.Givenhisknowledgeofthewest'sexperience,SunsawthisapproachforChinaasmorepracticalandreliable.Hisplanforrevolutionsuggestedthreestages:militaryrule,politicaltutelage,andconstitutionalgovernment.HesawthatmilitaryrulewasneededforaperiodoftimetoridChinaoflingeringcorruptionfromtheQingperiod,andtocreateanenvironmentofstabilitytocreatethenewChinesesociety.Politicaltutelageguardianship,forperhapsthreeyears,wasneededtograduallydevelopastronger,morepermanentpoliticalsystem,andtoacclimatizetheChinesepeopletothesepoliticalchanges.Aftersixyears,Chinamightbereadyforapermanentconstitutionalrepublicangovernment.HesincerelyhopedthathisplanwouldpermeateChinawithwidespreadacceptance.In1905,whileinJapan,SunwasinstrumentalinsettinguptheUnitedLeagueofChina.TheWuchang(Wuhan)Revolt,inOctoberof1911,broughtSunYat-sentoShanghai.ShortlyafterthesuccessfuloverthrowoftheQingDynasty,SunwaselectedInterimPresidentofthenewRepublicofChinainNanking,thecapital.Thisgovernmentimmediatelysetouttodevelopaprovisional(temporary)constitution.However,byFebruaryof1912,SunresignedaspresidenttogivewaytoYuanShikai,whobroughtwithhimalotofsupportfromthenorth,whichprovidedtheopportunitytounifygreaterpartsofChina.Alsoin1912,theUnitedLeagueofChinasetuptheKuomingtang(KMT),theNationalPartyof更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40China.YuanShikai,inthemeantimebetrayedtherepublicandSun'strust,byattemptingtosethimselfupasadictator.SunimmediatelyproceededinpursuitofYuanbutwasunsuccessfulandhadtogointoexileinJapan.In1924,theKuomingtangconvenedatGuangzhoutoestablishthreeprinciplestosolidifyandstrengthentherepublicandtounifytherestofChina.TheseprinciplesincludeddevelopinganalliancewithRussia,helpingfarmers,workers,andbourgeoisie,andrecommendinganationalconferencetoendthebrutal,unequaltreatiesimposedbyforeignnations.Theresultwas“theDeclarationofBeijing”,thelastofficialactofDr.SunYat-senbeforelivercancertookhislifeinMarchof1925.SunYat-senwaswidelymournedastributescameinfromallover.ManyintellectualssawSunasamanofaction,apragmatist,andnotasagreatintellectual.Throughouthislife,hewasnotabovecontradictinghisownprinciples,ortoleratingopposingviewsorpartiestofurtherhiscause.ForSun,duringtheseturbulenttimes,theendsometimesdidseemtojustifythemeans.Hisphilosophychanged,overtime,tomeetchangingneeds.Formanyacademics,Sun'scareerwasnotseenasthemakingofamyth,butasarealmandealingwithrealcomplexrealitiesofhistime.Hispresence,insideandoutsideofChina,dominatedChinesehistoryduringthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.HeadoptedandtailoredwesternideastotheChineseexperience,inordertocreatehisvisionofanewChina.ManyacademicsalsofeltthatSun'swesternexperiencesgreatlyinfluencedhisworkandcontributedtohispredominantplaceinChineseandworldhistory.Beforehedied,hestatedthatthewholenationhadtobeawakenedandunitedwiththosewhotreatedthemequally,andfightsidebysidewiththem.SunYat-senhadreceivedtherespectofpeoplethroughouttheworld,evenfromnon-communistsources.InChina,hebecamealegend.WhentheKuomingtangandtheCommunistssplitin1927,bothclaimedtobeheirsofhiswork.NoonecandenySunYat-senhisrightfulplace,notonlyinChinesehistorybutalsoinworldhistory.HetrulydeservesthetitleandhonourofFatheroftheChineseRevolution.(1704words)更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40UNIT15TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)andChinaAsChinahasbeenadmittedtotheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO),itisveryaptatthistimetocompilesomeimportantdataaboutthisinternationalorganization.TheconceptionoftheWTOtookplaceduringthe1995UruguayroundoftalksoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT).TheWTOactuallyreplacedGATT.Thislatterorganization,acompositeofmanycountries,wasformedaftertheSecondWorldWartopresideoverthestabilizationoftradeamongnations.Theneworganization,theWTO,isdedicatedtoallocatingtheresourcesoftheworldbyusingfairertradepracticesandprovidingeconomicsecurityforthemorevulnerable,lessdevelopednations.TheWTOprovidestheapparatusformakingthishappenthroughincreasedcooperationamongmembercountries.TheexecutionofsuchagreementswillbeinstrumentalinenhancingtheesteemoflessdevelopedmembersandwillprovideamorestableinfrastructureforprofitabletradeformembersoftheWTO.Isthereawaytodescribeinsimpletermswhatthisisallabout?Whatunderliesthisinternationalpursuitoffreetradeamongnations?StudentsofintroductoryEconomicswouldrecognizethetheoryof“comparativeadvantage”.Briefly,thiseconomictheorystatesthatacountrycanproduceallormostgoodsandservicesmoreefficientlythanmostorallothercountries,butstillgainfromspecializinginproductionandtradingwithothernations.Theynotonlyreceiveeconomicbenefitsforthemselves,butalsohelpothercountriesachievesimilarbenefitsintheprocess.Let'slookatasimpleexample.Assumethattherearetwocountries,AlphaandBeta,thatproducethesametwoproducts,bananasandofficedesks,andnothingelse.Wewillassumethateachcountryhas200unitsofproductiveresources(resourcessuchasland,labourandcapital,usedintheproductionofbananasanddesks).Inthiscasewewilluselabour.Beforetradingeachcountry,usingtheproductiveresourceseachhasavailable,mightproducethefollowingcombinations:Bananas（tons）DesksAlpha300(100unitsoflabour)100(100units)Beta100(100units)25(100units)Totals400125Assumingthateachcountryusedthesameamountofproductiveresourcesintheproductionofbothbananasanddesks,youwillnoticethatAlphaproducedmorebananasandmoredesksthanBetabutproduceddesksmoreefficiently(higherratio4:1)thanbananas(3:1).AlphaproducedfourtimesasmanydesksasBetagivenequalunitsofresources(100units)andthreetimesasmanybananasasBeta.Alphahasacomparativeadvantageinproducingdesksandthereforecouldmakeeconomicgainsbytransferringsomeofitslabourresourcesintotheproductionofdesks.Ifthetwocountrieswereagreeabletospecializeandtradewitheachother,thefollowingmightbepossible:Bananas（tons）DesksAlpha210(70units)130(130units)Beta200(200units)0(0units)Totals410130Thisexampleshowsthat,byspecializationbyeachpartner,totalproductionofbananaswouldincreasefrom400tonsto410tonsandtheproductionofdeskswouldincreasefrom125to130desks.Thismeansthatmoreofeachproductwouldbeavailabletobothcountriestosharethroughspecializationandtrade.Thismaybeanoversimplificationoftheconceptofcomparativeadvantage,更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40butitistheeconomicprinciplewhichexplainswhycountrieswantmorefreetrade,andwhyChinawantstojointheWTO.ItalsoexplainstheUnitedState'sambitiouspursuitoffreertradearrangementsthroughouttheworld.Immersedformorethanadecadeinnegotiations,theclimaxhasbeenreachedforChina.ItsofficialmembershipintheWTOcommencedinDecember2001.Ithasnotbeenaneasyroadtoreachthisgoalandthecountrywillnowembarkuponaneventougherroadofmoreformidablechallenges.ManyissuessurroundingChina'sbidarenotonlyeconomic,butalsosocialinnature.Forexample,theUnitedStateshasamplifiedtheissueofhumanrightsindiscussionsbetweenitselfandChina.Thereasonsforthisobsessionoverhumanrightsarenotreadilyevident,butinsomequarterssuggestionsforithavebeenoffered.SincetheendoftheColdWar,andthedemise(orfall)oftheSovietUnion,theUnitedStateshashadnoclearopponenttojustifytheworkofitsmanyagenciesthatwereoriginallyassimilatedtodealwithformerColdWaropponents.Thepromotionofinternationalhumanrightsallegedlyhasfilledpartofthisvoid,tobecomethemajortargetofthenewdirectioninAmericanforeignpolicy,andithasbecomecommonplaceforChinainparticular.ItshouldbenotedthattherearesomecurrentmembersoftheWTOthathaveworsehumanrightsrecordsthanthatofChinabutwerenottreatedinthesamemanner.Also,itiserroneoustosuggestthattheUnitedStatesitselfiscompletelyinnocentofhumanrightsviolations.ThisisamajorcontradictionincurrentAmericanforeignpolicy.ItisalsosuggestedthattherealthreattotheUnitedStatesisthatChinaisahugecountrywitharobusteconomythathasbeengrowingbyleapsandboundsoverthelasttwentyyears.Henceforth,afearisgrowingthatthepotentialeconomicstrengthofChinawillthreatentheprevalentpositionoftheUnitedStatesinworldaffairs.Morerecently,duringthespyplaneincidentoverHainan,AmericanPresidentBushchangedtheAmericanpositiontowardChinafromthatofbeingaworldpartner(theapproachoftheClintonAdministration),tothatofbeingacompetitororanopponentininternationalaffairs.This“bashing”propagandaaboutChinaisconsideredbymanypeopleacover-up(orasmokescreen)forgrowingAmericaninsecurityininternationalaffairsandthisdistortionisaccumulativeinthebrain-washedmindsoftheAmericanpeople.Itisalsodegradingtosaytheleast.Itislikeachampionfootballteamthatdoesnotwanttoplayfairlyanymorebecauseitisafraidoflosing.Itisthefearofbeingbeatenfairlyanddecisivelyonthefield,accordingtoanagreeduponsetofrules.ThisobsessionwithhumanrightshasflaredupinmanyareasofAmericanforeignpolicyinrecentmonths.Thisrash,sometimesgraphicChina-Bashingattitudeisprobablydriven,inpart,bypowerfuleconomicinterestsintheUnitedStates.ThepositionsofthesepowerfulinterestswillbeseriouslythreatenedbyChina'sentryintotheWTO.Theseindustries,iftheyareforcedtofacestrongercompetition,fearlosingtheirsharesoftheirrespectivemarkets.Thesesameinterestsalsoheavilysupportpoliticalpartiesfinanciallyandthereforehavesomeindirectinfluenceovergovernmentpolicies.ChinahasenoughballotstogetintotheWTO.TheUnitedStatesalonecannotvetoChina'sentry,butcanmakethingsdifficult.BothChinaandtheUnitedStateswillhavetoadjustthemselvestoraiseeconomicefficiencies,afactthatnormallyresultsfromgreatercompetition.However,whatmustclearlybeseenarethecomparativeadvantages,whichwillbenefitalltradingpartners.Withthereductionoftradebarriers,moreefficientuseoftheworld'sproductiveresourceswillemergethroughgreaterspecializationbythevariouscountriesinvolved.Intheshort-run,(inthefirstfewyears)therewillbedislocationsofproductiveresources,particularlyoflabour.Forsomeindustries,thefuturewillbebleak.Therewillbeshortrununemploymentinsomesectorsofeachcountry.Itisimportantthatthesecountriesdevelopplans,suchasretrainingandincreasedtechnology,tomakeadjustmentseasierasproductiveresourcesshiftfromonesectortoanother.Withgreatersharingofinternationalexpertise,更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！ www.TopSage.com大家网39/40thesetransitionsshouldbecomeeasier.Thelong-rangeresultwillmeanmorebenefitsforallcountries;meaninghigherstandardsoflivingallround.Chinahasalreadymadepersistentstridesinthisdirectionthroughitspartnershiparrangementswithforeigncorporationsoverthelasttwentyyears,sincethereformsattheendoftheCulturalRevolution.Chinahasnoalternativebuttomoveforwardintotheinternationalmarketsandinotherareasofglobalizationofthetwenty-firstcentury.Nottodosowouldmeaninevitabledeteriorationor,perhaps,evencompleteevaporationofChina'sstrongeconomy.Somesacrificesinsocialisteconomicandpoliticalphilosophiesandpoliciesareimperativeifthesegoalsaretobeachieved.ThebigadvantagethatChinahashadovertheformerSovietUnionisthatofcautiousgradualismineconomicpolicy.China'spoliticalhierarchyisslowlyembracingthetheoriesandpracticesofanewsocialistmarketsystem.TheknowledgeandskillsgainedfromthisapproachplacesChinainanexcellentpositiontosucceed.Thecountryseesquiteclearlythatapurecommandeconomicsystemwillnotenduretotheendundertheinertiaofthisepochofbriskglobalization.Intheend,Chinaisdestinedtosucceed.MuchofwhatChinawillfaceintheWTOwillbethecoincidenceofinternalpoliciesthathavebeenformulatedinrecentyears,althoughsomereconfigurationwillbenecessary.TosuggestimmediatesuccessforChinamaybeprematureatthispoint,butthereareprecedentsthatarefavourabletoChina'saspirations.Suchsuccessisdifficulttoquantifyorgeneralize,astherearesomanyfactorsthatareconstantlychanging.Itisagamble.Worldrecessions,strongeconomicgrowthperiods,anddisasterssuchastheSeptember11th,2001terroristattacks,candrasticallycreateeconomiccasualtiesovernightfollowedbythe“trickledown”negativeimpacts.Allthesebeingsaid,itwouldbeamistaketounderestimateChina'slegitimatepresenceinthisperiodofglobalization.Itisindicative,aswellasfitting,thatalmostallcountriesoftheworldwillbenefitfromthepotentialcontributionsthatChinacanmakeintheyearstocome.TheWTO'ssuccesshingesoninternationalcooperationandceaselesspursuitofpositivecommongoalsratherthanfocusingonnegativeissuesthatcouldonlyhandicapgoodeconomicandsocialrelationsalongwithprogressininternationaltrade.ItishopedthatsuchbarriersbetweenChinaandothercountrieswilldissipatenowthatitsmembershiphasfinallybeencertified.(1661words)更多精品在大家！http://www.TopSage.com大家网，大家的！
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