[历史学]语言学学习纲要

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1、《简明语言学教程》学习纲要LinguisticsChapter1IntroductionlWhatislinguistics?nLinguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.uObserving&questioninguFormulatinghypothesesuVerifyingthehypothesesuProposingatheorynTheSscopes/BranchesoflinguisticsuInternalbranches:intra-disciplin

2、arydivisionslPhonetics语音学----thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.lPhonology音系学（音位学）lMorphology词法学lSyntax句法学lSemantics语义学uExternalbranches:inter-disciplinarydivisionslPragmatics语用学lPsycholinguistics心理语言学lSociolinguistics社会语言学lAppliedlinguistics应用语

3、言学nSomeImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsuDescriptivevs.prescriptive“描写式”和“规定式”Theyrepresenttwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudy.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownr

4、ulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.uSynchronicvs.diachronic“共时”和“历时”Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionoflang

5、uageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Adiachronicstudyisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.uSpeech&writinguLangue&parole“语言”和“言语”ThedistinctionwasmadebytheSwisslinguistSaussureintheearly20thcentury.Languere

6、ferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.49Whatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,i.e.todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubject

7、sofstudyoflinguistics.uCompetence&performance语言能力和语言运用ThedistinctionisdiscussedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunic

8、ation.uTraditionalgrammar&modernlinguisticsModernlinguisticsstartedwiththepublicationofF.deSaussure’sbook“CourseinGeneralLinguistics”intheearly20thcentury.SoSaussureisoftendescribedas“fatherofmodernlinguistic