1、动物分类的基本知识

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1、AnimalclassificationandsystematicsCriteriaforclassifyinganimalsArtificialclassificationanarrangementthatisbasedonconvenientorarbitraryattribution,notexpressingthetruenaturalrelationsamongspecies●basedonthepurposeofusageoilplantsspiceberryplantstextileplants●basedonsuperficialcharactersNaturalclas

2、sificationExtantorganismsareaproductofevolutionforalongtimetherearedifferentdegreesofrelatednessamongspeciesSystematics/taxonomythestudyofthekindsanddiversityoforganismsandoftheevolutionaryrelationshipamongthemIttakesintoaccountsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenorganismsArrangingorganismsintoaor

3、derthatmayadequatelyreflectevolutionaryrelationshipamongthemMethodsofnaturalclassificationClassicaltaxonomy:morphologicalcharactersExternalmorphologyflower,seed,featherInternalstructurecomparativeanatomyDevelopmentalpatternearlyembryonicstagesofvertebratesareremarkablysimilar.Thesimilaritiesa

4、recompellingevidenceofevolutionaryrelationshipwithinanimalgroups重演律/生物发生律Ecologyandbehaviornesting,singing,displayingModerntaxonomy●cytologykaryotypes染色体组型bandingpatternsofchromosome染色体分带●immunereaction●structureandfunctionofmacromoleculesgenesproteinsWhenzoologistsclassifyanimalsintotaxonomicgro

5、upings,theyaremakinghypothesesabouttheextenttowhichgroupsofanimalssharegenesandproteinsStructureandfunctionofmacromoleculesInouye同工酶sequencingofaminoacidsinproteinscytochromecakindofconservedprotein,whichhaschangedsolittleduringhundredsofmillionsofyearssequencingofthemitochondrialDNAsequencin

6、gofthenuclearDNAPhylogeny系统发生evolutionaryrelationshipsamongspeciesorhighertaxaMolecularphylogeneticsevolutionofbiologicallargemoleculesBiologicallargemoleculeshaverelativelyconstantratesofchangeovertimeDifferentmolecules,differentgeneswithinthesamegenome,ordifferentregionsofDNAhavedifferentra

7、tesofchangeThedistributionsofgenefamiliesmayreflectevolutionaryrelationshipamongspeciesMolecularclocktheamountofchangeinaregionofmoleculescanbeusedtodateevolutionaryeventsandprovideestimatesoftimeelapsed