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1、California—HistorySettledbysuccessivewavesofarrivalsduringthelast10,000years,Californiawasoneofthemostculturallyandlinguisticallydiverseareasinpre-ColumbianNorthAmerica;theareawasinhabitedbymorethan70distinctgroupsofNativeAmericans.Large,settledpopulationslivedonthecoastandhuntedseamamma
2、ls,fishedforsalmon,andgatheredshellfish,whilegroupsintheinteriorhuntedterrestrialgameandgatherednuts,acorns,andberries.Californiagroupsalsowerediverseintheirpoliticalorganizationwithbands,tribes,villages,andontheresource-richcoasts,largechiefdoms,suchastheChumash,PomoandSalinan.Trade,int
3、ermarriage,andmilitaryalliancesfosteredmanysocialandeconomicrelationshipsamongthediversegroups.ThefirstEuropeantoexplorethecoastasfarnorthastheRussianRiverwasthePortugueseJoãoRodriguesCabrilho,in1542,sailingfortheSpanishEmpire.Some37yearslater,theEnglishexplorerFrancisDrakealsoexploredan
4、dclaimedanundefinedportionoftheCaliforniacoastin1579.SpanishtradersmadeunintendedvisitswiththeManilaGalleonsontheirreturntripsfromthePhilippinesbeginningin1565.SebastiánVizcaínoexploredandmappedthecoastofCaliforniain1602forNewSpain.Spanishmissionariesbegansettinguptwenty-oneCaliforniaMis
5、sionsalongthecoastofwhatbecameknownasAltaCalifornia(UpperCalifornia),togetherwithsmalltownsandpresidios.ThefirstmissioninAltaCaliforniawasestablishedatSanDiegoin1769.[9]In1821,theMexicanWarofIndependencegaveMexico(includingCalifornia),independencefromSpain;forthenexttwenty-fiveyears,Alta
6、CaliforniaremainedaremotenorthernprovinceofthenationofMexico.Cattleranches,orranchos,emergedasthedominantinstitutionsofMexicanCalifornia.AfterMexicanindependencefromSpain,thechainofmissionsbecamethepropertyoftheMexicangovernmentandweresecularizedby1832.Theranchosdevelopedunderownershipby
7、Californios(Spanish-speakingCalifornians)whohadreceivedlandgrantsandtradedcowhidesandtallowwithBostonmerchants.Beginninginthe1820s,trappersandsettlersfromtheUnitedStatesandCanadabegantoarriveinNorthernCalifornia,harbingersofthegreatchangesthatwouldlatersweeptheMexicanterr
