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ID:24593633
大小:2.02 MB
页数:65页
时间:2018-11-15
《2014欧洲低钠血症诊疗指南》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、2014欧洲低钠血症诊疗指南解读山东大学附属千佛山医院呼吸科张劭夫欧洲危重病学会(ESICM),欧洲内分泌学会(ESE)欧洲肾脏最佳临床实践(EuropeanRenalBestPracticeERBP)为代表的欧洲肾脏病协会和欧洲透析与移植协会(ERA-EDTA)共同制定了欧洲低钠血症临床诊疗指南低钠血症Hyponatraemia,definedasaserumsodiumconcentration<135mmol/l,isthemostcommondisorderofbodyfluidandelectrolytebalanceencounteredincl
2、inicalpractice.Itoccursinupto30%ofhospitalisedpatientsandcanleadtoawidespectrumofclinicalsymptoms,fromsubtletosevereorevenlifethreatening(10,11)定义:血清钠低于135mmol/L临床最常见的水盐失衡,其发生率约占住院患者的30%症状不一,从轻微到致命Inmostcases,hyponatraemiareflectsloweffectiveosmolalityorhypotonicity,whichcausessympt
3、omsofcellularoedema.However,hyponatraemiamayalso(rarely)occurwithisotonicorhypertonicserumiftheserumcontainsmanyadditionalosmoles,suchasglucoseormannitol.Therefore,wediscussnotonlyhowhypo-osmolarbutalsohowisosmolarandhyperosmolarstatesdevelop.绝大多数情况下,低钠血症反映了低有效渗透压状态,主要引起细胞水肿然而,如果血清含
4、有其他渗透性物质如葡萄糖和甘露醇,则低钠血症在个别情况下也可发生于等渗或高渗情况。因此,低钠血症不仅见于低渗,也见于等渗和高渗的情况。Severesymptomsofhyponatraemiaarecausedbybrainoedemaandincreasedintracranialpressure.Braincellsstarttoswellwhenwatermovesfromtheextracellulartotheintracellularcompartmentbecauseofadifferenceineffectiveosmolalitybetwee
5、nbrainandplasma.patientswithchronichyponatraemiaandnoapparentsymptomscanhavesubtleclinicalabnormalitieswhenanalysedinmoredetail.Suchabnormalitiesincludegaitdisturbances,falls,concentrationandcognitivedeficitspatientswithchronichyponatraemiamoreoftenhaveosteoporosisandmorefrequentlys
6、ustainbonefracturesthannormonatraemicpersons低钠血症严重症状为脑水肿。低渗的血浆向高渗的脑细胞进行水转移,导致细胞肿胀慢性和无明显症状的低钠血症患者,可有如下轻微症状:步态不稳,跌倒,注意力不集中和认知障碍慢性低钠血症患者更易发生骨质疏松和骨折图示:大脑对低钠血症的适应过程:1即可反应2快速适应3慢适应调节4不适当纠正(快速升高渗透压)5适当纠正(缓慢提高渗透压)6.低钠血症诊断Diagnosisofhyponatraemia6.1.分类:Classificationofhyponatraemia根据血钠浓度分类:6
7、111:轻度(mild)低钠血症:血钠:130~135mmol/l6112:中度(moderate)低钠血症:血钠:125~129mmol/l6113:重度(profound)低钠血症:血钠:<125mmol/l依据发生时间分类:6121:急性低钠血症<48h6122:慢性低钠血症≥48h6123如果不能对其分类,除非有临床或回顾性反证(表8),则应认为系慢性低钠血症为何以48小时为界限界定急慢性低钠血症?Thisusuallyoccurswhenhyponatraemiadevelopsrapidly,andthebrainhashadtoolittleti
8、metoadapttoitshypot
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