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1、21北京交通大学毕业设计（论文）第页ClusterAnalysis:BasicConceptsandAlgorithmsClusteranalysisdividesdataintogroups(clusters)thataremeaningful,useful,orboth.Ifmeaningfulgroupsarethegoal,thentheclustersshouldcapturethenaturalstructureofthedata.Insomecases,however,clusteranalys
2、isisonlyausefulstartingpointforotherpurposes,suchasdatasummarization.Whetherforunderstandingorutility,clusteranalysishaslongplayedanimportantroleinawidevarietyoffields:psychologyandothersocialsciences,biology,statistics,patternrecognition,informationretrieva
3、l,machinelearning,anddatamining.Therehavebeenmanyapplicationsofclusteranalysistopracticalproblems.Weprovidesomespecificexamples,organizedbywhetherthepurposeoftheclusteringisunderstandingorutility.ClusteringforUnderstandingClasses,orconceptuallymeaningfulgrou
4、psofobjectsthatsharecommoncharacteristics,playanimportantroleinhowpeopleanalyzeanddescribetheworld.Indeed,humanbeingsareskilledatdividingobjectsintogroups(clustering)andassigningparticularobjectstothesegroups(classification).Forexample,evenrelativelyyoungchi
5、ldrencanquicklylabeltheobjectsinaphotographasbuildings,vehicles,people,animals,plants,etc.Inthecontextofunderstandingdata,clustersarepotentialclassesandclusteranalysisisthestudyoftechniquesforautomaticallyfindingclasses.Thefollowingaresomeexamples:21北京交通大学毕业
6、设计（论文）第页Biology.Biologistshavespentmanyyearscreatingataxonomy(hierarchicalclassification)ofalllivingthings:kingdom,phylum,class,order,family,genus,andspecies.Thus,itisperhapsnotsurprisingthatmuchoftheearlyworkinclusteranalysissoughttocreateadisciplineofmathe
7、maticaltaxonomythatcouldautomaticallyfindsuchclassificationstructures.Morerecently,biologistshaveappliedclusteringtoanalyzethelargeamountsofgeneticinformationthatarenowavailable.Forexample,clusteringhasbeenusedtofindgroupsofgenesthathavesimilarfunctions.•Infor
8、mationRetrieval.TheWorldWideWebconsistsofbillionsofWebpages,andtheresultsofaquerytoasearchenginecanreturnthousandsofpages.Clusteringcanbeusedtogroupthesesearchresultsintoasmallnumberofclusters,eachofwh
