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1、山东建筑大学毕业论文外文文献及译文外文文献： ClusterAnalysis—BasicConceptsandAlgorithmsClusteranalysisdividesdataintogroups(clusters)thataremeaningful,useful,orboth.Ifmeaningfulgroupsarethegoal,thentheclustersshouldcapturethenaturalstructureofthedata.Insomecases,however,clusteranalysisisonlyausefulstartingpoin
2、tforotherpurposes,suchasdatasummarization.Whetherforunderstandingorutility,clusteranalysishaslongplayedanimportantroleinawidevarietyoffields:psychologyandothersocialsciences,biology,statistics,patternrecognition,informationretrieval,machinelearning,anddatamining.Therehavebeenmanyapplicatio
3、nsofclusteranalysistopracticalproblems.Weprovidesomespecificexamples,organizedbywhetherthepurposeoftheclusteringisunderstandingorutility.ClusteringforUnderstandingClasses,orconceptuallymeaningfulgroupsofobjectsthatsharecommoncharacteristics,playanimportantroleinhowpeopleanalyzeanddescribet
4、heworld.Indeed,humanbeingsareskilledatdividingobjectsintogroups(clustering)andassigningparticularobjectstothesegroups(classification).Forexample,evenrelativelyyoungchildrencanquicklylabeltheobjectsinaphotographasbuildings,vehicles,people,animals,plants,etc.Inthecontextofunderstandingdata,c
5、lustersarepotentialclassesandclusteranalysisisthestudyoftechniquesforautomaticallyfindingclasses.Thefollowingaresomeexamples:Biology.Biologistshavespentmanyyearscreatingataxonomy(hierarchicalclassification)ofalllivingthings:kingdom,phylum,class,order,family,genus,andspecies.Thus,itisperhaps
6、notsurprisingthatmuchoftheearlyworkinclusteranalysissoughttocreateadisciplineofmathematicaltaxonomythatcouldautomaticallyfindsuchclassificationstructures.Morerecently,biologistshaveappliedclusteringtoanalyzethelargeamountsofgeneticinformationthatarenowavailable.Forexample,clusteringhasbeenu
7、sedtofindgroupsofgenesthathavesimilarfunctions.•InformationRetrieval.TheWorldWideWebconsistsofbillionsofWebpages,and-17-山东建筑大学毕业论文外文文献及译文theresultsofaquerytoasearchenginecanreturnthousandsofpages.Clusteringcanbeusedtogroupthesesearchresultsintoasmallnumberofclusters,
