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1、WORD格式可编辑 蚂蚁智力 Collectiveintelligence:：Antsandbrain'sneurons STANFORD-Anindividualantisnotverybright,butantsinacolony,operatingasacollective,doremarkablethings. Asingleneuroninthehumanbraincanrespondonlytowhattheneuronsconnectedtoitaredoing,butallofthemtogethercanbeImmanuelKan
2、t. ThatresemblanceiswhyDeborahM.Gordon,StanfordUniversityassistantprofessorofbiologicalsciences,studiesants. "I'minterestedinthekindofsystemwheresimpleunitstogetherdobehaveincomplicatedways,"shesaid. Noonegivesordersinanantcolony,yeteachantdecideswhattodonext. Forinstance,anan
3、tmayhaveseveraljobdescriptions.Whenthecolonydiscoversanewsourceoffood,anantdoinghousekeepingdutymaysuddenlybecomeaforager.Orifthecolony'sterritorysizeexpandsorcontracts,patrollerantschangetheshapeoftheirreconnaissancepatterntoconformtothenewrealities.Sincenooneisinchargeofanantcol
4、ony-includingthemisnamed"queen,"whichissimplyabreeder-howdoeseachantdecidewhattodo? Thiskindofundirectedbehaviorisnotuniquetoants,Gordonsaid.Howdobirdsflyinginaflockknowwhentomakeacollectiverightturn?Allanchoviesandotherschoolingfishseemtoturninunison,yetnoonefishistheleader. Go
5、rdonstudiesharvesterantsinArizonaand,bothinthefieldandinherlab,theso-calledArgentineantsthatareubiquitoustocoastalCalifornia. ArgentineantscametoLouisianainasugarshipmentin1908.TheyweredrivenoutoftheGulfstatesbythefireantandinvadedCalifornia,wheretheyhavedisplacedmostofthenativea
6、ntspecies.OneofthethingsGordonisstudyingishowtheydidso.NoonehaseverseenanantwarinvolvingtheArgentinespeciesandthenativespecies,soit'snotclearwhethertheyarequietlyaggressiveorjustfindwaysoftakingoverfoodresourcesandterritory. TheArgentineantsinherlabalsoarebeingstudiedtohelpherund
7、erstandhowtheychangebehaviorasthesizeofthespacetheyareexploringvaries. "Theantsaregoodatfindingnewplacestoliveinandgoodatfindingfood,"Gordonsaid."We'reinterestedinfindingouthowtheydoit." HerantsareconfinedbyPlexiglaswallsandanastyglue-likesubstancealongthetopsoftheboardsthatkeep
8、stheantsinside.Shemovesthewallsin
