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1、附录附录A:外文资料翻译—原文部分SemiconductorAsemiconductorisasolidmaterialthathaselectricalconductivitybetweenthoseofaconductorandaninsulator;itcanvaryoverthatwiderangeeitherpermanentlyordynamically.[1]Semiconductorsareimportantinelectronictechnology.Semiconductordevices,electroniccomp
2、onentsmadeofsemiconductormaterials,areessentialinmodernconsumerelectronics,includingcomputers,mobilephones,anddigitalaudioplayers.Siliconisusedtocreatemostsemiconductorscommercially,butdozensofothermaterialsareused.BraggreflectioninadiffuselatticeAsecondwaystartswithfreee
3、lectronswaves.Whenfadinginanelectrostaticpotentialduetothecores,duetoBraggreflectionsomewavesarereflectedandcannotpenetratethebulk,thatisabandgapopens.Inthisdescriptionitisnotclear,whilethenumberofelectronsfillsupexactlyallstatesbelowthegap.Energylevelsplittingduetospinst
4、atePauliexclusionAthirddescriptionstartswithtwoatoms.Thesplitstatesformacovalentbondwheretwoelectronswithspinupandspindownaremostlyinbetweenthetwoatoms.Addingmoreatomsnowissupposednottoleadtosplitting,buttomorebonds.Thisisthewaysiliconistypicallydrawn.Thebandgapisnowforme
5、dbyliftingoneelectronfromthelowerelectronlevelintotheupperlevel.Thislevelisknowntobeanti-bonding,butbulksiliconhasnotbeenseentoloseatomsaseasyaselectronsarewanderingthroughit.Alsothismodelismostunsuitabletoexplainhowingradedhetero-junctionthebandgapcanvarysmoothly.Energyb
6、andsandelectricalconductionLikeinothersolids,theelectronsinsemiconductorscanhaveenergiesonlywithincertainbands(ie.rangesoflevelsofenergy)betweentheenergyofthegroundstate,correspondingtoelectronstightlyboundtotheatomicnucleiofthematerial,andthefreeelectronenergy,whichisthe
7、energyrequiredforanelectrontoescapeentirelyfromthematerial.Theenergybandseachcorrespondtoalargenumberofdiscretequantumstatesoftheelectrons,andmostofthestateswithlowenergy(closertothenucleus)arefull,uptoaparticularbandcalledthevalenceband.Semiconductorsandinsulatorsaredist
8、inguishedfrommetalsbecausethevalencebandinthesemiconductormaterialsisverynearlyfullunderusualope
