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1、DuFuLoreandTranslationConventionsEveryliteraturebuildsonavastamountofassumedknowledge.Whatistakenforgrantedbyreaderssituatedinonetimeandplacerequiresanoteinanothertimeandplace.Asthedistanceincreases,sodothenum-berofnotes.ThereisnowaytocoveralltheknowledgeassumedinDuFu’spoetry,butwecan
2、noteafewthings.NomenclatureThesurnamecomesfirst,followedbythegivennameorcourtesyname.OccasionallyDuFureferstohimselfasFu,whichisnotcommon;itiseitherinformalor,inapetitiontotheemperor,deferential.HereferstoLiBaionceasBai,butthatisanunusualintimacyinpoetry.Werarelyfindthepropername.When
3、addressingsomeoneinthebureaucraticsystem,thatpersonismostcommonlyreferredtobyhissurnameandhiscurrentofficeorbyanofficepreviouslyheld.Apersonmayalsobereferredtobyhissurnameandatoponym,whichmightbetheplaceofhisfamilyregistrationortheplacewherehewasserving.DuFuthuscommonlyappearsasDugong
4、bu杜工部,“DuoftheBoardofWorks,”orDuShaoling杜少陵,“DuofShaoling.”ParticularlyintheTangpeo-plewereoftenidentifiedbytheirsurnameandtheirhangdi行第,theirpositionamongthemalesofaparticulargenerationinafamily.“ZhangThree,”Zhangsan張三,meansthethirdinseniorityinaparticulargen-erationof[acertainbranch
5、of]theZhangfamily.Inpoemtitlesthiswillappearas“Zhang(3).”Amemberofthegentrywhowasnotservinginthegovernmentorhadnotserved,whetherbynecessityorchoice,wouldoftenbecalleda“recluse,”becausetherewassimplynootherrespectablewaytoidentifysomeonewhowasnotserving.Largebooksaredevotedtothetitleso
6、foffices,whichineffectwasthestructureofgovernment,witheachofficeoccupyingapositioninahierarchyofninegrades,eachofwhichwassubdividedinto“upper”and“lower.”Sinceweknowroughlyhowmanyincumbentsthereweresupposedtobeforeachoffice,itwouldseemtobesimpletounderstand.Buthonoraryappointmentstooff
7、icesbecameincreasinglycommoninDuFu’slifetime,particularlywhentheimpoverishedcourtturnedtoitsoneinexhaustibleresource,thepowertobestowtitlesandhonors,the©2016,StephenOwen.ThisworkislicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives3.0License.Broughttoyouby
8、BeijingIn
9、stitu
