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1、http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/postmodernism/PostmodernismFirstpublishedFriSep30,2005Thatpostmodernismisindefinableisatruism.However,itcanbedescribedasasetofcritical,strategicandrhetoricalpracticesemployingconceptssuchasdifference,repetition,thetrace,thesimulacr
2、um,andhyperrealitytodestabilizeotherconceptssuchaspresence,identity,historicalprogress,epistemiccertainty,andtheunivocityofmeaning.Theterm“postmodernism”firstenteredthephilosophicallexiconin1979,withthepublicationofThePostmodernConditionbyJean-FrançoisLyotard.Ither
3、eforegiveLyotardprideofplaceinthesectionsthatfollow.Aneconomyofselectiondictatedthechoiceofotherfiguresforthisentry.Ihaveselectedonlythosemostcommonlycitedindiscussionsofphilosophicalpostmodernism,fiveFrenchandtwoItalian,althoughindividuallytheymayresistcommonaffil
4、iation.Orderingthembynationalitymightduplicateamodernistschematheywouldquestion,buttherearestrongdifferencesamongthem,andthesetendtodividealonglinguisticandculturallines.TheFrench,forexample,workwithconceptsdevelopedduringthestructuralistrevolutioninParisinthe1950s
5、andearly1960s,includingstructuralistreadingsofMarxandFreud.Forthisreasontheyareoftencalled“poststructuralists.”TheyalsocitetheeventsofMay1968asawatershedmomentformodernthoughtanditsinstitutions,especiallytheuniversities.TheItalians,bycontrast,drawuponatraditionofae
6、stheticsandrhetoricincludingfiguressuchasGiambattistaVicoandBenedettoCroce.Theiremphasisis42stronglyhistorical,andtheyexhibitnofascinationwitharevolutionarymoment.Instead,theyemphasizecontinuity,narrative,anddifferencewithincontinuity,ratherthancounter-strategiesan
7、ddiscursivegaps.Neitherside,however,suggeststhatpostmodernismisanattackuponmodernityoracompletedeparturefromit.Rather,itsdifferencesliewithinmodernityitself,andpostmodernismisacontinuationofmodernthinkinginanothermode.Finally,IhaveincludedasummaryofHabermas'scritiq
8、ueofpostmodernism,representingthemainlinesofdiscussiononbothsidesoftheAtlantic.Habermasarguesthatpostmodernismcontradictsitselfthroughself-refere
