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1、Argument提纲 一.开头部分Inthisargument,thearguerconcludesthat…tosubstantiatetheconclusion,thearguerpointsoutthat…Inaddition,thearguerassumesthat/reasonsthat/citestheexampleof/citestheresultofarecentstudythat…Acarefulexaminationofthisargumentwouldrevealhowgroundlessitis.二.论证驳斥部分Firstofall,theargumentisba
2、sedonafalseanalogy./Thearguersimplyassumesthat…buthedoesnotprovideanyevidencethat…isindeedcomparable./Asweknow…differconspicuously./Itistruethatboth…butevenhereexistfundamentaldifferences…/Therefore,eventhough…provedeffectiveindoing…thereisnoguaranteethatitwillworkjustaswellfor…//Asaresult,AandBdo
3、notestablishawarrantedanalogy,sowecannotsafelyassumethat…(两者无法比)TheauthorunfairlyassumesthatAbearssomerelationstoB./However,theauthorprovidesnoevidencetosupportthatthisisthecase,nordoestheauthorestablishacausalrelationshipbetweenAandB./ItishighlypossiblethatotherfactorsmightcontributetotheB/change
4、/progress./Forexample…itisalsolikelyBjustresultedfrom…/LackingevidencethatlinksAtoB,itispresumptuoustosuggestthatAwasresponsibleforB.(无法建立必然的因果关系)Theevidencetheauthorprovidesisinsufficienttosupporttheconclusiondrawnfromit./Oneexampleisrarelysufficienttoestablishageneralconclusion./Basedonaspecific
5、exampleof…,itislogicallyunsoundedtomakesuggestionforall…/Infact,infaceofsuchlimitedevidence,itisfallacioustodrawanyconclusionatall./Unlessitcanbeshownthat…isrepresentativeofall…,theconclusionthat…iscompletelyunwarranted.(单个事例不能说明整体问题)ByconcludingthatsbmustdoAormustdoB,theauthorcommitsafallacyof“fa
6、lsedilemma”./TheauthorassumesthatAandBaretheonlyavailablesolutionstotheproblem./However,itispossiblethatotherfactorsmightalsocontributetotheproblem.Forexample…/Ifso,justdoingAandBwouldnotsolvetheproblem.(还有其他原因)Inaddition,thearguercommitsafallacyofhastygeneralization./Evenif…,whichis,ofcourse,anun
7、warrantedassumption,itdoesnotfollowthat…/ItishighlypossiblethatotherfactorsmayhavecontributedtoB…/Forinstance,…/Besides,thearguerdoesnotprovideanysolidinformationconcerning…/Unless…,whichisunknownfromthisargument
