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1、SupplychainmanagementSupplychainmanagement(SCM)isthetermusedtodescribethemanagementoftheflowofmaterials,information,andfundsacrosstheentiresupplychain,fromsupplierstocomponentproducerstofinalassemblerstodistribution(warehousesandretailers),andultimatelytotheconsumer.1Infact,itoften
2、includesafter-salesserviceandreturnsorrecycling.Incontrasttomultiecheloninventorymanagement,whichcoordinatesinventoriesatmultiplelocations,SCMtypicallyinvolvescoordinationofinformationandmaterialsamongmultiplefirms.Supplychainmanagementhasgeneratedmuchinterestinrecentyearsforanumbe
3、rofreasons.Manymanagersnowrealizethatactionstakenbyonememberofthechaincaninfluencetheprofitabilityofallothersinthechain.2Firmsareincreasinglythinkingintermsofcompetingaspartofasupplychainagainstothersupplychains,ratherthanasasinglefirmagainstotherindividualfirms.Also,asfirmssuccess
4、fullystreamlinetheirownoperations,thenextopportunityforimprovementisthroughbettercoordinationwiththeirsuppliersandcustomers.Thecostsofpoorcoordinationcanbeextremelyhigh.IntheItalianpastaindustry,consumerdemandisquitesteadythroughouttheyear.SCMtypicallyinvolvescoordinationofinformat
5、ionandmaterialsamongmultiplefirms.Supplychainmanagementhasgeneratedmuchinterestinrecentyearsforanumberofreasons.However,becauseoftradepromotions,volumediscounts,longleadtimes,full-truckloaddiscounts,andend-of-quartersalesincentivestheordersseenatthemanufacturersarehighlyvariable(Ha
6、mmond(1994)).Infact,thevariabilityincreasesinmovingupthesupplychainfromconsumertogrocerystoretodistributioncentertocentralwarehousetofactory,aphenomenonthatisoftencalledthebullwhipeffectSupplyChainManagementConcernsAkeyelementofsuccessfulSCMinvolvesthedownstreamintegrationofbusines
7、scustomersaswellasthemanagementofupstreamsuppliers.However,integratingtheentirevaluechainisacomplexundertaking.Organizationsencounteringproblemsduetoincreasedrelianceonsuppliersmayreversetheirdownsizingemphasisandbringoutsourcedproductsandservicesbackin-house,securealternativesourc
8、esofsupply,orworkwithexist
