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1、Histamineandhistamineintolerance：LauraMaintzandNatalijaNovak,【摘要】Histamineintoleranceresultsfromadisequilibriumofaccumulatedhistamineandthecapacityforhistaminedegradation.Histamineisabiogenicaminethatoccurstovariousdegreesinmanyfoods.Inhealthypersons,dietaryhist
2、aminecanberapidlydetoxifiedbyamineoxidases,ineoxidaseactivityareatriskofhistaminetoxicity.Diamineoxidase(DAO)isthemainenzymeforthemetabolismofingestedhistamine.IthasbeenproposedthatDAO,ayberesponsibleforscavengingextracellularhistamineaftermediatorrelease.Conver
3、sely,histamineN-methyltransferase,theotherimportantenzymeinactivatinghistamine,isacytosolicproteinthatcanconverthistamineonlyintheintracellularspaceofcells.AnimpairedhistaminedegradationbasedonreducedDAOactivityandtheresultinghistamineexcessmaycausenumeroussympt
4、omsmimickinganallergicreaction.Theingestionofhistamine-richfoodorofalcoholordrugsthatreleasehistamineorblockDAOmayprovokediarrhea,headache,rhinoconjunctivalsymptoms,asthma,hypotension,arrhythmia,urticaria,pruritus,flushing,andotherconditionsinpatientsineintolera
5、nce.Symptomscanbereducedbyahistamine-freedietorbeeliminatedbyantihistamines.Houltifacetednatureofthesymptoms,theexistenceofhistamineintolerancehasbeenunderestimated,andfurtherstudiesbasedondouble-blind,placebo-controlledprovocationsareneeded.Inpatientsintheabove
6、mentionedsymptomsaretriggeredbythecorrespondingsubstancesandineintoleranceshouldbeconsideredasanunderlyingpathomechanism.【关键词】histamineintolerancehistaminediamineoxidasefoodintoleranceallergyINTRODUCTIONHistamineintoleranceresultsfromadisequilibriumofaccumulated
7、histamineandthecapacityforhistaminedegradation.Themainenzymeformetabolismofingestedhistamineisdiamineoxidase(DAO)(1-5).AnimpairedhistaminedegradationbasedonareducedDAOactivityandtheresultingexcessofhistaminemaycausenumeroussymptomsmimickinganallergicreaction.Ing
8、estionofhistamine-richfood(6),alcohol(7-9),ordrugs(10-13)thatreleasehistamineorblockDAOmayprovokediarrhea,headache(14),congestionofthenose,asthmatoidia,urticaria(16,1
