牛津高中英语模块5 unit2 grammar and usage

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Unit2 THEENVIRONMENT-ingformGrammarandusage Thislessonisboring.Therearesleepingstudentsinclass.（表语）（定语） Functionsasanadjective:V-ing形式可以同形容词一样置于名词之前修饰名词。有时V-ing形式也可用副词修饰。V-ing形式亦可以同定语从句一样置于名词之后修饰名词，可以转化成定语从句。V-ing形式可以用作表语或宾语的补语。 4.ThemanwhoisrunninginthepictureisLiuXiang.2.ThemanrunninginthepictureisLiuXiang.1.arunningman3.Themanrunningfastestgotthefirstplace.Attribute: 小结:V-ing形式作定语可表示动作正在进行（如例1、2）或表示和所修饰词之间有逻辑主动关系（如例3）。 单个V-ing词作定语修饰名词一般置于名词之前（如例1）；V-ing词组修饰名词则置于名词之后（如例2、3），此时相当于一个定语从句（如例4）。 Rewritethefollowingsentenceswithattributiveclauses.TheteacherteachingusEnglishisMsZhou.=TheteacherwhoisteachingusEnglishisMsZhou. Thepeoplesittingbehindusareallteachers.TheexpertcomingfromLishuiisaladycalledMsCai.=Thepeoplewhoaresittingbehindusareallteachers.=TheexpertwhocomesfromLishuiisaladycalledMsCai. Translatethefollowingphrases.areadingroomawashingmachineanexcitingeveninganinterestingcrosstalk阅览室洗衣机激动人心的夜晚有趣的相声 asleepingcarasmokingroomlisteningpracticeanopeningspeechabookingofficerunningwater卧铺车吸烟室听力练习开幕词售票处自来水 Iheardthegirlsingingintheclassroom.Inoticedalongqueueoutsidethebankwaitingforittoopen.ObjectComplement:Thebabywatchedhisdadshavinghisfacewithgreatinterest.Wehavethefireburningallday. V-ing形式作宾语补足语置于宾语之后，表示一个正在进行的动作（如例1、2、3），或强调一个过程或一种状态。（如例4）小结： V-ing形式作宾语补足语时，往往同宾语存在逻辑主动关系。 V-ing形式作宾语补足语的常见动词：make,let,have,keep,leave,see,watch,hear,notice,find,feel等。 1.Sixtymillionpeople_____(live)inruralareasaremovingtothecitieseveryyear.2.Thebottle_________(contain)thepoisonwassenttothelaboratory.PracticelivingcontainingFillintheblankswiththeverbgiveninitsproperform. 3.Theman______(sit)ontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.4.Thechildren_________(play)theviolinovertherewillgiveaperformancenextweek.5.Ourtripwas______________(disappoint).Wedidnotfindanyunusualplants.sittingplayingdisappointing 6.Isawthem______(force)thedooropenwithahammer.7.Weheardthem_________(quarrel)aboutmoneyaftertheconcert;theylookedveryangry.8.Iheardhim________(drop)lotsofcoinsintothecollectingtin.forcingquarrelingdropping 9.Youcanseethem__________(perform)everynightthisweekattheNewTheatre.10.Thenewswas__________(shock).Allthethreeboatshadsunkinthestorm.performingshocking Functionasanadverb:常用于stand,sit,lie等动词之后表示伴随的状态。V-ing词组可以在句中充当时间、原因、结果、条件等状语。 1.作时间状语-ing短语作时间状语要置于句首。如：Hearingthebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying.=Whentheyheardthebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying.当听到这个不幸的消息时，他们情不自禁地哭了起来。 Havingreceivedhisletter,Idecidedtowriteback.=AfterIhadreceivedhisletter,Idecidedtowriteback.收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。2.作原因状语-ing短语作原因状语置于句首。如：Beingsoangry,hecouldn’tgotosleep. =Becausehewassoangry,hecouldn’tgotosleep.因为太生气了，他不能入睡。HavingbeentotheGreatWallmanytimes,hedidn’tgolastweek.=Because(As)hehadbeentotheGreatWallmanytimes,hedidn’tgolastweek.因为他已经去过长城许多次，上周他就没去。 3.作条件状语-ing作条件状语置于句首或句末。如：Workinghard,youwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.如果你勤奋一点，你就会成功。Beinggivenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter. =Iftheyhadbeengivenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.如果对这些树再多注意些，它们可能长得更好。4.作让步状语-ing短语作让步状语，可置于句首或句末，常与evenif,though连用。如： Thoughworkingfrommorningtillnight,hisfatherdidn’tgetenoughfood.=Althoughhisfatherworkedfrommorningtillnight,hedidn’tgetenoughfood.虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命地干活，但是他还是挣不到足够的吃的。 5.作伴随状语置于句首或句末。如：Theycameintotheclassroom,singingandlaughing.=Theysangandlaughed;theycameintotheclassroom.他们又唱又笑地走进教室。 Whenworkinginthefactory,hewasanadvancedworker.=Whenheworkedinthefactory,hewasanadvancedworker.注意：1.-ing短语与when,while,though,until,if等连词连用时，相当于这些连引导的一个从句。如： Thoughwillingtoattendtheparty,herefusedtheinvitation.=Thoughhewaswillingtoattendtheparty,herefusedtheinvitation.WhilestayinginBeijing,hecametoseemetwice.=WhilehewasstayinginBeijing,hecametoseemetwice. Ifplayingallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.=Ifyouplayallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.Thoughrainingheavily,itclearedupverysoon.=Thoughitwasrainingheavily,itclearedupverysoon. 2.动词-ing形式在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语与主句的主语保持一致。如：Hetraveledontheplanelikethis,keepingthetortoisehiddeninablanket.=Whenhetraveledontheplanelikethis,hekeptthetortoisehiddeninablanket. 小结:V-ing有其完成式havingdone,表示分词动作发生于主句动作之前。表示时间状语时常同连词when,whenever,while,once,until等连用。分词作状语时，其逻辑主语同主句的主语一致且有逻辑主动关系，往往可转换为相应的状语从句。V-ing形式的否定not要置于V-ing之前。 1.a.Hearingthenews,tearsrandownherface.b.Hearingthenews,shecriedoutsadly.2.a.Enteringtheclassroom,Ifoundnobodyinit.b.Enteringtheclassroom,nobodywasfoundinit.Choosethecorrectsentence. 3.a.Lookingoutthroughthewindow,thegardenwasbeautiful.b.Lookingoutthroughthewindow,wesawabeautifulgarden.4.a.Readingtheeveningnewspaper,adogstartedbarking.b.Iwasreadingtheeveningnewspaperwhenadogstartedbarking. 5.a.Beingfine,wewillhavethesportsmeetingnextweek.b.Itbeingfine,wewillhavethesportsmeetingnextweek.-ing形式的否定式为在其前面加not。如：Hesatthere,notknowingwhattosay. 1.Theircarwascaughtinatrafficjam,thus____thedelay.A.tocauseB.causingC.causedD.cause2.OnebyonePetersoldhisbitsandpieces,____onlyamiteoftheirworth.A.gettingB.gotC.togetD.getExercises 3.Afterseeingthemovie,_____.A.thebookwasreadbyhimB.thebookmadehimwanttoreaditC.hewantedtoreadthebookD.thereadingofthebookinterestedhim 4.Thenextmorningshefoundthemaninbed,_____dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying5.Therewasterriblenoise____thesuddenburstoflight.A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed 6.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,____alongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepareB.preparingC.preparedD.waspreparing 7.“Can’tyouread?”Marysaid____tothenotice.A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointing 8.Heworkeddayandnight,____histaskaheadoftime.A.finishedB.finishingC.finishD.tofinish9.Iwasinthebathroom,not___theknockatthedoor.A.hearB.tohearC.hearingD.heard 10.___areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived 11.Whatworriedtheboymostwas___tovisithisfatherinthehospital.A.hisnotallowingB.hisnotbeingallowedC.havingnotbeenallowedD.hisbeingnotallowed 12.Theyapologizedfor____toattendthemeeting.A.theirnotbeingableB.theirbeingnotableC.themnotableD.thembeingablenot 高考链接1.Weallfoundhisargumentconvincingandinteresting.(P28)[考点]V-ing形式作宾语补足语。[考例]Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfound_____inthekitchen.（NMET2003）smokeB.smokingC.tosmokeD.smoked. [点拨]选B。he和smoke是逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用V-ing形式。该句中的“heisfound”是被动语态，还原成主动语态应该是“findhimsmoking”。 2.Wearemakingbiggerholesinthenets,hopingtoavoidcatchingfishthatarenotfullygrown.(P30)[考点]V-ing形式作原因状语。相当于一个由because引导的原因状语从句。 [考例]Weoftenprovideourchildrenwithtoys,footballsorbasketballs,_____thatallchildrenlikethesethings.(2006全国卷III)A.thinkingB.thinkC.tothinkD.thought[点拨]选A。we与think之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。句子相当于：Weoftenprovideourchildrenwithtoys,footballsorbasketballs,becausewethinkthatallchildrenlikethesethings. 3.Hetravelledontheplanelikethis,keepingthetortoisehiddeninablanket.(P30)[考点]当分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。 [考例]Whilewatchingtelevision,_____.（2005全国卷II）A．thedoorbellrangB．thedoorbellringsC．weheardthedoorbellringD．weheardthedoorbellrings [点拨]选C。由前面分词结构Whilewatchingtelevision可以看出：watchingtelevision是由人发出的动作，其主语应当是和主句的逻辑主语一致的，所以主句的主语应该是人。 4.Hesatthere,notknowingwhattosay.(P30)[考点]非谓语动词的否定形式是在非谓语动词前面加上not。 [考例]_____theprogramme,theyhavetostaythereforanothertwoweeks.（广东2004）NotcompletingB.NotcompletedC.NothavingcompletedD.Havingnotcompleted [点拨]选C。该句主语是they，和complete是逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用V-ing形式表示主动。completetheprogramme这个动作发生在havetostaythere...动作之前，故用完成时态。