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1、Chapter1BASICCONCEPTSThelawofevidenceisanimportantcomponentintheAmericanjusticesystem.Itgovernshowparties,judges,andjuriesofferandthenevaluatethevariousformsofproofattrial.Insomeways,evidenceisanextensionofcivilandcriminalprocedure.IntheUnitedStates,thefederalcourtsmustfollowtheFederalRulesof
2、Evidence(FRE);statecourtsgenerallyfollowtheirownrules,whicharegenerallyimposedbythevariousstatelegislaturesupontheirrespectivestatecourts.TheFREisthemostinfluentialbodyofAmericanevidencelaw.TheFREencompassesthemajorityofthelawsofevidencein68briefsections.Itslanguageisaccessible,easytoread,and
3、mostlyfreeoftechnicaljargonandcomplicatedcross-referencing.TheFREhasbeenenormouslyinfluentialinthedevelopmentofU.S.evidencelaw.Thisinfluenceinpartisaresultofitsbrevityandsimplicity.Before1975,U.S.evidencelawwasmostlyacreatureofthecommonlawtradition.TheFREwasdraftedandproposedbyadistinguisheda
4、dvisorycommitteecomposedofpractitioners,judges,andlawprofessorsappointedbytheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt.Just20yearsaftertheFREwasadoptedinthefederalsystem,almostthree-quartersofthestateshadadoptedcodesthatcloselyresembletheFRE.TheFREappliesinallfederalcourtsinbothcriminalandcivilcases.Understan
5、dingsomeofthebasicprovisionsoftheFREwillenablemostpeopletofigureoutwhatisgoingonattrial,eveniftherearedeviationsbetweentheFREandapplicablestatelawsofevidence.I．FIRSTPRINCIPLESA.Onlyadmissibleevidenceusable:Probablythemostbasicruleevidencelawisthatwhetherthecaseistriedtoajudgeorjury,thetrierof
6、factmustdecidethecasesolelyonwhatispresentedincourt.Thisruledoesnotmeanthatthetriercannotusecommonsense,orgeneralknowledgegainedfromexperience(e.g.,thatitinusuallyhotterinthehotterthaninthewinter).Butitdoesmeanthat“noinformationpertainingtothepartiesortothespecificincidentgivingrisetothelitig
7、ationmaybeconsideredbythedecisionmakerunlessthelawpermitstheinformationtobereceivedbyacourt.”Therulesgoverningwhatmaybereceivedbythecourtconstitute,ofcourse,thelawofevidence.B.Rolesofjudgeandjury:Incasestriedtoajury,thejudgeandthejurydivideth
