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1、InsomeislandsnorthofScotland,headlice,whichliveonthehair阅读理解答案 InsomeislandsnorthofScotland,headlice,whichliveonthehairorskinofpeopleoranimals,wereapartoflife.Ifthelicelefttheirhost,hebecamesickandfeverish.Therefore,sickpeoplehadliceputintheirhairintentionally.Therewasamethodtoth
2、eirmadness:Assoonasthelicehadsettledinagain,thepatientimproved.Thestoryexplainstheconfusionofcauseandeffect.Iftheliceleavethesick,itisbecausehehasafeverandtheysimplygethotfeet.Whenthefeverbreaks,theyreturn.Wemaylaughatthisstory,butfalsecausalitymisleadsuspracticallyeveryday. Cons
3、idertheheadline:“Fact:WomenWhoUseShampooXYZEveryDayHaveStrongerHair.”Thisstatementsaysverylittle—leastofall,thattheshampoomakesyourhairstronger.Itmightsimplybetheotherwayround:WomenwithstronghairtendtouseShampooXYZ—andperhapsthat’sbecauseitsays“especiallyforthickhair”onthebottle.
4、 Afurtherexample:Scientistsfoundthatlongperiodsinthehospitaldidharmtopatients.Thiswasmusictohealthinsurers’ears,who,ofcourse,arekeentomakestaysasbriefaspossible.But,clearly,patientswhoaredismissedimmediatelyarehealthierthanthosewhomuststayonfortreatment. RecentlyIreadthatstudents
5、getbettergradesatschooliftheirhomescontainalotofbooks.Thisstudywassurelyashotinthearmforbooksellers,butitisalsoanexampleoffalsecausality.Thissimpletruthisthateducatedparentstendtovaluetheirchildren’seducationmorethanuneducatedonesdo.Plus,educatedparentsoftenhavemorebooksathome.Ins
6、hort,adust-coveredcopyofWarandPeacealoneisn’tgoingtoinfluenceanyone’sgrades;whatcountsisparents’educationlevels,aswellastheirgenes. Anotherexampleoffalsecausalitywasthesupposedrelationshipbetweenthebirthrateandthenumbersofstork(鹳)pairsinGermany.Bothwereindecline,andifyouplotthemo
7、nagraph,thetwolinesofdevelopmentfrom1965to1987appearedalmostthesame.Doesthismeanthestorkactuallydoesbringbabies?Obviouslynot,sincethiswasapurelyaccidentalconnection. Inconclusion:Connectionisnotcausality.Takeacloserlookatlinkedevents:Sometimeswhatispresentedasthecauseturnsouttobe
8、theeffect,orjusttheotherwayaround
