戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记_自己整理版

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1、word资料下载可编辑Chapter1IntroductionWhatislinguistics?什么是语言学[A]ThedefinitionoflinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage(对语言进行的科学研究)Processoflinguisticstudy:①Certainlinguisticfactsareobserved,generalizationareformed;②Hypothesesareformulat

2、ed;③Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;④Alinguistictheoryisconstructed.[B]ThescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics普通语言学:thestudyoflanguageasawhole从整体研究1.Phonetics:thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds(orthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)(Hows

3、peechsoundsareproducedandclassified)2.Phonology:isessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.(Howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning)3.Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords(howmorphemesarecombin

4、edtoformwords)4.Syntax:thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences(howmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences)5.Semantics:thestudyofmeaninginabstraction6.Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseSociolinguistics:thestudyof

5、languagewithreferencetosocietyPsycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofthemindAppliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearningAnthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics;mathematicall

6、inguistics;mathematicallinguistics;computationallinguistics[C]Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics①Prescriptivevs.Descriptive规定性与描写性②Synchronicvs.Diachronic共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性）Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime;Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthrou

7、ghtime.专业技术资料word资料下载可编辑③Speechandwriting言语与文字Spokenlanguageisprimary,notthewritten④Langueandparole语言和言语ProposedbySwisslinguistsF.deSausse(sociological)Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity（指一个话语社团所有成员共有的语言系统）Parole:r

8、eferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse（指语言在实际运用中的实现）⑤Competenceandperformance语言能力与语言运用ProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky(psychological)Competence:theidealuser’sknowled