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1、SummaryThelungsservingastheorganforairtransportandgasexchange,areopentotheexternalenvironmentandexposedtoavarietyofpathogenicinhalants,suchasmicroorganisms,hazardousfumesanddustsfromairpollutionandcigarettesmoking,allergensetc..Therefore,itisnotsurprisingthatinflammatorydiseases(infectiousorn
2、oninfectious)oflungsarerelativelycommoninclinicalandpathologicalpractice.Thetermchronicobstructivepulmonarydiseasesdefinesagroupofconditionscharacterizedbychronicorrecurrentobstructionatanyleveloftheairwayinthelungsandincreaseinresistancetoexpiration,whichmayleadtopulmonarydysfunctionandcorpu
3、lmonale.Themajordisordersinthisgrouparechronicbronchitis,emphysema,bronchiectasisandbronchialasthma,eachhasdistinctanatomicandclinicalcharacteristics.Thereare,however,overlappingfeaturesorassociationsamongthesedisorders,e.g.chronicbronchitisandemphysemaalmostalwaysco-existtosomedegree.Thepath
4、ologicalfeaturesofchronicbronchitisarenonspecificchronicinflammationofbronchiandbronchioles,hypertrophyofthesubmucosalglandsofthelargeairwayandincreaseingobletcellsofsmallairwaysaccompaniedbyhypersecretionofmucus,whichcontributetotheairwayobstruction.Whenbronchitisisaccompaniedbymoderatetosev
5、ereairflowobstruction,thecoexistentemphysemabecomesthedominantlesion.Emphysemaisdefinedaspermanentenlargementoftheairspacedistaltotheterminalbronchiole(includingrespiratorybronchioles,alveolarducts,andalveoli)accompaniedbydestructionoftheirwalls.Intheconditionofemphysema,expiratoryairwayobstr
6、uctionresultsfromthelossofelasticrecoilofthelung,insteadoftheanatomicalairwaynarrowing.Emphysemaisfurtherclassifiedinto4majortypes:centriacnar,panacinar,paraseptalandirregular.Onlythefirsttwotypescauseclinicallysignificantairflowobstruction(obstructiveemphysema),especiallythecentriacinaremphy
7、sema,whichisfarmorecommoninclinicsandisoftensuperimposedonchronicobstructivebronchitis,whereasthepanacinaremphysemaisassociatedwithα1-antitrypsindeficiency(eithercongenitalorastheresultofinflammationorsmoking).Bronchiectasischaracterizedbyper
