腰带长体蜂嗅觉蛋白基因辨识和功能验证

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1、腰带长体蜂嗅觉蛋白基因辨识和功能验证CHAPTERIGeneralIntroduction1.1GeneralOverviestodetectanddiscriminatevolatilepoundsfromthevastrangeofodourspresentintheenvironment.Inanimals,thissensoryabilityisusedforsuchbehavioursastofindamate，locatefoodsourcesanddetectenemies.Chemic

2、alcuesareusedextensivelyinanimalsasameansofmunicationbothhigheranimals.Receptorsforsensorymodalities,suchasolfaction,taste，mechanosensation,andthermoandhygrosensation,aresituatedintheantenna.Theantennalolfactorysenseisofspecialimportancetoinsects,asitpr

3、ovidesinformationonthechemicalqualityof,e.g.，foodsourcesorovipositionsites，andisalsousedinintraspecificmunicationviapheromones.Thesesensessupplytheanimal'snervoussystemationsubsequentlyusedtogenerateasimplifiedinternalrepresentationoftheplexexternal

4、altodecideuponandexecutetheappropriatebehavioralresponsegiventhesituation.Theolfactorysystemallotorecognizevolatilecuesthatconferthecapacitytodetectfood,predatorsandmates.Thesenseoftastemonlyalloinationofsolublestimulantsthatelicitfeedingbehaviors，andit

5、canalsoinitiateinnatesexualandreproductiveresponses(Sanchez-Graciaetal2009).Ininsects，theearlychemoreceptionstepsthatis，thoseinvolvingprimarycontacticalsignalsandtheactivationofsignallingpathosensoryhairs(thesensilla)(HildebrandandShepherd1997;Pelosi199

6、6;Shanbhagetal.2001).Thesemaineventsinclude:(i)theuptakeofsignalmoleculesfromtheexternalenvironment;(ii)transport(diffusion)throughthesensoiyhairand(iii)interactionoreceptor，ostimportantproteinsunderlyingtheseprocessesareencodedinmoderatelysizedmultigen

7、efamilies.Thesefamiliesencodetheodorant-bindingproteins(OBPs)andchemosensoryproteins(CSPs)involvedinperipheralolfactoryprocessingandachemoreceptorsuperfamilyformedbytheolfactoryreceptors(ORs)andgustatoryreceptors(GRs)..1.2OlfactionininsectChemicalsenses

8、areveryancientandareprobablythefirstsensestohaveevolved,eformofintegrationofexternalchemicalcues(Farbman1992).Theolfactorysystemisthemostethodininsectsandassuchishighlyspecificandreceptivetochemicalcuesintheenvironment(Hildebrand