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1、第八章记忆近100多年来,记忆研究一直是心理学中最活跃的领域之一。当代著名的记忆心理学家E.Tulving(1995)把科学的记忆研究划分为3个阶段:1885——1960:开始于艾宾浩斯(H.Ebbinghaus)的研究;词语学习(verballearning)的漫长时期;1960——1980:认知心理学兴起;记忆的计算机模拟十分流行;1980——至今:记忆研究的认知神经科学阶段;1一、记忆研究中的各种变量(1)DependentVariables:Rememberingmaybemeasuredinnumerousways;theseofteninvolver
2、ecallorrecognition.Inrecalltests,reproductionofmaterialisrequired.Whereasinrecognitiontests,materialispresentedtopeopleandtheyarerequiredtojudgewhetherornottheyhaveseenitpreviously.吴艳红:2一、记忆研究中的各种变量(2)Threepopularrecalltestsareserialrecall,freerecall,andpaired-associaterecall.Recogni
3、tiontestsaregenerallyoftwotypes.Yes/Norecognitiontests;Forced-choicerecognitiontestsForced-choicetestsarepreferredtoyes/notestsbecausecorrectingforguessingislessofaproblem.3一、记忆研究中的各种变量(3)Ineachcase,thedependentmeasureintestsofrecallandrecognitionisthenumberorproportionofitemscorrect
4、lyrecalledorrecognizedindifferentconditionsorthenumberoferrors,whichamountstothesamething.Sometimesaderivativemeasureisused,suchasd'fromthetheoryofsignaldetection.Recently,investigatorsconcernedwithrecognitionhaveusedreactiontimeasadependentmeasure.4一、记忆研究中的各种变量(4)Recently,thestudyof
5、implicitmemorytestshasintriguedcognitivepsychologists.Althoughthesetestsdonotrequirepeopletoconsciouslyrememberthematerialtheyhavestudied,performanceonthesetasksisinfluencedor“primed”bypreviousexposuretothematerial.Thatis,implicitmemorytestsaretasksthatcanbeperformedwithoutspecificre
6、ferencetothepreviousexperiencesinthelaboratory.5一、记忆研究中的各种变量(5)IndependentVariables:Manytypesofvariablesaremanipulatedinexperimentsonhumanmemory.Oneofthemostpopularvariableshistoricallyhasbeenthenatureofthematerialpresentedformemory.Itcanbeletters,digits,nonsensesyllables,words,phras
7、es,sentences,paragraphs,orlongpassagesofprose;thecharacteristicsofeachofthesetypesofmaterialcanalsobevaried;Theretentionintervalbetweenpresentationofmaterialandtest;Modalityofpresentation;Studystrategy;Thenatureofthememorytestgiventopeople.6一、记忆研究中的各种变量(6)ControlVariables:Memoryexper
8、imentsaretyp