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1、东北大学采矿工程专业英语专业:矿业工程姓名:常晓贇学号:1370845Page1:Evidenceofearlycopperminingexistsinmanypartsoftheworld.Forexample,arecentarcheometallurgicalexpeditionhasuncoveredaprehistoricminingcomplexatPhuLon(“BaldMountain”)ontheMekongRiverinThailand,thatmaybedatedasearlyas2000BC.Workersatthiscompl
2、exusedmassiverivercobblemaulstobreakthefriableskarnmatrixthatheldsquatzveinsrichinmalachite(Pigott,1988).Theworld'soldestknowncoppersmeltingfurnace,datingto3500BC,hasbeenfoundnearthemodernTimnacoppermineinIsrael(Raymond,1986).在世界上许多地方都有早期铜开采存在的证据。例如,最近一个冶金考古探险队发现了一个史前采矿综合体在在泰国湄公
3、河的PhuLon(“秃山”)上,这可能要追溯到公元前2000年。工人们用大量鹅卵石撞击易碎的富含孔雀石的矽卡岩脉石(Pigott,1988)。世界上已知的最古老的铜矿石冶炼炉可以追溯到公元前3500年,它被发现是在以色列的现在亭纳铜矿(Raymond,1986)。ThelinkbetweennativecopperandmalachitemightwellhavebeensuggestedtoNeolithicmanbythecommonassociationofthesetwoformsofthemetalinoutcrops.Buttheproce
4、ssbywhichhethenlearnedhowtoextractcopperfromthemalachiteremainsanhistoricmystery.Onesuggestedansweristhatbothmetalsmeltingandpotterymakingappearedtohaveevolvedaboutthesametime.Thepotter,thefirsttechnicianinthemanagementofheat,hadunderhiscontrolallthematerialsandconditionsnecessa
5、ryforsmeltingcopper(Raymond,1986).自然铜矿和孔雀石之间的联系更可能被新石器时代的人建议为这两种金属露头形式之间常见的关联。但是他们如何学会从孔雀石中提取铜的过程仍然是一个历史之谜。一个可能的答案是金属冶炼和陶器制作都是在同一时期出现的。陶器制作,第一个在高温下来操作的技术,它对于控制所有材料和条件成为冶炼铜的必要条件(Raymond,1986)。5东北大学Page5:Room-and-PillarMining:Inthemethodknownasroom-and-pillarmining,theorebodyisexc
6、avatedascompletelyaspossible,leavingpartsoftheoreaspillarstosupportthehangingwall.Thedimensionsofthestopesandpillarsdependuponfactorssuchasthestabilityofthehangingwall,thestabilityoftheore,thethicknessofthedeposit,andtherockpressure.Generally,theobjectiveistoextracttheoreascompl
7、etelyaspossiblewithoutjeopardizingworkingconditionsorpersonnelsafety.Typically,thepillarsarearrangedinaregularpattern,andtheycanbecircular,square,orshapedaslongitudinalwallsthatseparatethestopes.房柱采矿法:作为房柱采矿法,矿体要尽可能地被完全挖掘,留下一部分矿石作为支柱来支撑顶板。采场和支柱的尺寸取决于顶板的稳定性、矿石的稳定性、矿体的厚度和岩石压力等因素。一
8、般来说,目标是在没有危害的的工作条件和人员安全的条件下尽可能完全地开采矿石。通常情况下,支柱以